Whether a 500% civil penalty imposed on a small business for inadvertent noncompliance is grossly disproportionate under the Eighth Amendment's Excessive Fines Clause

QUESTIONS PRESENTED A State punished a small business’s inadvertent civil noncompliance by automatically applying a civil monetary penalty at the maximum percentage rate — 500% — without exercising discretion or considering any mitigating circumstances. Was the penalty grossly disproportionate to the offense and unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause and United States uv. Bajakajian? In light of the myriad criteria currently employed by state and federal courts to evaluate gross disproportionality, should the Court resolve the multiple splits and affirmatively adopt factors, like those in Cooper Industries v. Leatherman, to decide whether a civil monetary penalty is_ grossly disproportionate to the underlying offense?