Whether all facts - including the fact of a prior conviction - that increase a defendant's statutory maximum must be pleaded in the indictment and either admitted by the defendant or proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt?

QUESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW I. Whether all facts — including the fact of a prior conviction — that increase a defendant’s statutory maximum must be pleaded in the indictment and either admitted by the defendant or proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt? ii PARTIES Jose Villanueva-Cardenas is the petitioner, who was the defendant-appellant below. The United States of America is the respondent, who was the plaintiff-appellee below. iii