Whether all facts - including the fact of a prior conviction ~ that increase a defendant's statutory maximum must be pleaded in the indictment and either admitted by the defendant or proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt?

QUESTIONS PRESENTED I. Whether all facts including the fact of a prior conviction ~ that increase a defendant's statutory maximum must be pleaded in the indictment and either admitted by the defendant or proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt? Subsidiary questions: , a. Did the district court err in sentencing Torres-Cabrera to a term of imprisonment greater than two years for a violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326? b. Are the statutory enhancement provisions in 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b) unconstitutional because Congress unequivocally intended the enhancements to be sentencing factors, not elements of separate offenses; but under this Court's decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), such a scheme is unconstitutional? . . ii PARTIES : . Arturo Torres-Cabrera is the Petitioner; he was the defendant-appellant below. The United States of America is the Respondent; it was the plaintiff-appellee below.