Does the FSIA grant foreign states sovereign immunity from American criminal jurisdiction?

QUESTIONS PRESENTED Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of ; 1976 (FSIA), “a foreign state shall be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States and of the States except as provided in sections 1605 to 1607 of this chapter.” 28 U.S.C. § 1604. In a separate FSIA provision entitled “Actions against foreign states,” Congress limited federal subject-matter jurisdiction in actions against foreign states to the civil context: “The : district courts shall have original jurisdiction without regard to amount in controversy of any nonjury civil action against a foreign state ...as to any claim for relief in personam with respect to which the foreign state is not entitled to immunity either under sections 1605-1607 of this title or under any applicable international agreement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1330(a). Through the FSIA, Congress also codified that “the property in the United States of a foreign state shall ; be immune from attachment arrest and execution except as provided in sections 1610 and 1611 of this , chapter.” 28 U.S.C. § 1609. , Through 18 U.S.C. § 3231—a non-FSIA statute of general criminal jurisdiction enacted in 1948— | Congress vested federal district courts with “original jurisdiction, exclusive of the courts of the States, of : all offenses against the laws of the United States.” The questions presented are 1. Does the FSIA grant foreign states sovereign immunity from American criminal jurisdiction? ii 2. Is 28 U.S.C. § 1830(a) the exclusive basis for subject-matter jurisdiction in a federal action against a foreign state, or can 18 U.S.C. § 3231 or another non-FSIA statute provide subject-matter jurisdiction | in a federal action against a foreign state? 8. Do the FSIA’s exceptions to jurisdictional immunity (28 U.S.C. §§ 1605-1607) apply only in cases for which 28 U.S.C. § 1330(a) supplies subject| matter jurisdiction? 4. Does the FSIA permit an American court to impose and enforce contempt sanctions (monetary or | otherwise) against a foreign state? : . iv . |