Whether factual findings in a Presentence Report must be proven by the government or disproven by the defendant

QUESTION PRESENTED Whether (as the D.C., Second, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits hold, see United States v. Price, 409 F.3d 436, 444 (D.C. Cir. 2005; United States v. Helmsley, 941 F.2d 71, 98 (2d Cir. 1991); United States v. Poor Bear, 359 F.3d 1038, 1041 (8th Cir. 2004); United States v. Ameline, 409 F.3d 1073, 1085-86 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc); United States v. Martinez, 584 F.3d 1022, 1026 (11th Cir. 2009)) factual findings of a Presentence Report (PSR) that result in a higher sentence must be proven by the government in the face of objection, or whether (as the First, Third, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits hold, see United States v. Prochner, 417 F.3d 54, 65-66 (1st Cir. 2005); United States v. Campbell, 295 F.3d 398, 406 (8d Cir. 2002;) United States v. Valencia, 44 F.3d 269, 274 (5th Cir. 1995); United States v. Lang, 333 F.3d 678, 681-682 (6th Cir. 2003); United States v. Mustread, 42 F.3d 1097, 1102 (7th Cir. 1994); United States v. Rodriguez-Delma, 456 F.3d 1246, 1253 (10th Cir. 2006)) the defendant must disprove them? ii