Does the Commerce Clause empower Congress to impose 'Registry requirements for sex offenders,' 34 U.S.C. § 20918, directly upon an individual convicted under state law who does not cross state lines and who is exempt from his state's own, punitive registration requirements?

QUESTIONS PRESENTED The federal Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) requires the states and other territories to establish their own registries or risk loss of federal funding. In certain circumstances, SORNA imposes criminal penalties on individuals who fail to register in the jurisdiction where they reside. There is no federal registry of sex offenders. 1. Does the Commerce Clause empower Congress to impose “Registry requirements for sex offenders,” 34 U.S.C. § 20918, directly upon an individual convicted under state law who does not cross state lines and who is exempt from his state’s own, punitive registration requirements? 2. Did the Third Circuit overstep constitutional limits when it held that federal law authorizes state actors to enroll an individual into a state sex-offender registry, against his will, even though the state itself exempts him from registration?