Whether an invalid conviction affects a criminal defendant's substantial rights and must be vacated on plain error review

QUESTIONS PRESENTED L. Whether an invalid conviction affects a criminal defendant’s substantial rights and must be vacated on plain error review, irrespective of whether he is subject to a concurrent sentence of equal or greater length, as this Court and all of the federal courts of appeals have held. I. Whether the Eighth Amendment requires a sentencing court to make a finding that a juvenile is permanently incorrigible before imposing a sentence of life without parole. ii LIST OF ALL DIRECTLY