Whether the violation of the public trial provisions of the Sixth Amendment constitutes a structural error requiring automatic reversal under the plain error standard of review when the district court sua sponte closes the courtroom for the entirety of voir dire without making the required findings under Waller v. Georgia

QUESTION PRESENTED: 1. In the context of direct appeal, when the district court sua sponte closes the courtroom for the entirety of voir dire and fails to make findings specifically identifying the “higher values” that must be preserved by closure pursuant to Waller v. Georgia, does the violation of the public trial provisions of the Sixth Amendment rise to a structural error of such magnitude that it constitutes a per se reversible error under the “plain error” standard of review? i