May a municipality be held liable for ratification under Monell v. Department of Social Services

QUESTIONS PRESENTED 1) May a municipality be held liable for ratification, under Monell v. Department of Social Services, when the final policy maker has constructive notice of a subordinate’s unconstitutional conduct, deliberately takes no action, and affirms the conduct? 2) Can ajury be deprived of directly relevant evidence of ratification in the form of a letter, with the Chief of Police’s letterhead, affirming the unconstitutional conduct as “justified, lawful, and proper”? u NOTICE OF RELATED CASES Pursuant to Supreme Court rule 14.1(b), please take notice of the following related cases: Garza v. City of Los Angeles, No. 19-55952: Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal. Judgment entered on July 26, 2021; rehearing denied September 7, 2021. Garzav. City of Los Angeles, Mario Cardona, 2:16-cv-03579: United States District Court, Central District of California. Judgment for Plaintiff against Mario Cardona entered on June 27, 2017. Judgment for the City of Los Angeles entered on July 16, 2019.