Whether the wire-fraud statute applies extraterritorially or is limited to domestic applications

QUESTIONS PRESENTED The wire-fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1348, prohibits fraudulent schemes that use wire, radio, or television communications in interstate or foreign commerce. This case concerns whether the wire-fraud statute can be applied to foreign conduct by foreign actors as part of a foreign scheme. The questions presented are: 1. Does § 1343 apply extraterritorially, as at least the Third Circuit has held, or is it limited to domestic applications, as the Second, Fourth, and Eleventh Circuits have held? 2. If the wire-fraud statute is limited to domestic applications, can it be applied to foreign conduct by foreign actors as part of a foreign scheme so long as the scheme involves an incidental domestic wire transmission, as the Fourth and Ninth Circuits have concluded, or must the scheme involve substantial domestic conduct, such as the use of domestic wires as an essential component of the fraudulent scheme, as the First and Second Circuits have held?