Whether federal second-degree murder is a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)

QUESTION PRESENTED As this Court held in Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021), an offense must necessarily entail the targeted use of force against another to qualify asa “crime of violence” under the categorical approach. Federal second-degree murder, which can be committed with “extreme” recklessness, does not require the targeted use of force against another. Did the Ninth Circuit majority err in holding that federal second-degree murder is a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)? i PARTIES AND PROCEEDINGS All