1. Whether Fourth Circuit precedent, which is consistent with precedent from all other Circuits, holding that an intrastate robbery's de minimis effect on interstate commerce satisfies the Hobbs Act's jurisdictional element (18 U.S.C. § 1951), violates the Constitution and this Court's holdings and rationales in United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000) and United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995), as both decisions preclude the federal criminalization of traditionally local violent crimes?

2. Whether the Hobbs Act's jurisdictional element violates the Constitution when applied to the federal criminalization of traditionally local violent crimes without proof of a substantial effect on interstate commerce?

3. Whether Congress intended to criminalize federally the intrastate robbery of a grocery stores cash register when it passed the Hobbs Act?

Whether the Hobbs Act's jurisdictional element violates the Constitution when applied to the federal criminalization of traditionally local violent crimes without proof of a substantial effect on interstate commerce?