Whether the Eleventh Circuit has violated Terry in holding that, at step one, district courts should disregard the 'elements' of a defendant's offense, and (i) ll deny relief based on the drug quantity found by a judge at sentencing?

QUESTIONS PRESENTED Under the First Step Act of 2018, courts may reduce certain previously imposed sentences to match the penalties in the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010. The First Step Act describes a two-step process. First, the court determines whether the defendant is eligible for relief by considering whether he was sentenced for an offense whose “elements” now result in a “statutory penaltly]” that was “modified” by the Fair Sentencing Act. Terry v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1858, 1862-63 (2021). Second, if a defendant is eligible, then the court can exercise its discretion to impose a reduced sentence, “consider[ing] intervening changes of law or fact.” Concepcion v. United States, 142 S. Ct. 2389, 2404 (2022). The Eleventh Circuit—alone among its sister categorically denies relief to certain defendants sentenced before Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). For pre-Apprendi defendants, the Eleventh Circuit creates a hypothetical element of the offense based on the drug quantity found by the judge at sentencing. If that hypothetical element would have resulted in a statutory penalty that was not modified by the Fair Sentencing Act, then the District Court cannot reduce the defendant’s sentence. See United States v. Jackson, 58 F.4th 1331 (11th Cir. 2023). The questions presented are: 1. Whether the Eleventh Circuit has violated Terry in holding that, at step one, district courts should disregard the “elements” of a defendant’s offense, and (i) ll deny relief based on the drug quantity found by a judge at sentencing? 2. Whether the Eleventh Circuit has violated Concepcion in holding that, at step two, district courts cannot consider an “intervening change[ | of law”: Apprendi’s effect on a pre-Apprendi defendant’s sentence?