Whether, in the absence of class certification, a federal court is precluded from entering an injunction that extends to nonparties without a specific finding that such relief is necessary—as to all nonparties—to redress any injury to the individual plaintiff

QUESTION PRESENTED A federal court may provide injunctive relief only to the named plaintiff, unless a class has been certified or broader relief is necessary to redress that plaintiff’s injury. In this single-plaintiff lawsuit, the Ninth Circuit affirmed a universal injunction that affects millions of nonparties without any findings or evidence that such relief is necessary to redress the individual plaintiff's alleged injury. The question presented is: Whether, in the absence of class certification, a federal court is precluded from entering an injunction that extends to nonparties without a specific finding that such relief is necessary—as to all nonparties—to redress any injury to the individual plaintiff. @