Whether the Eighth Circuit impermissibly reestablished the long-abolished pleadings doctrine

QUESTIONS PRESENTED 1. Whether the Eighth Circuit, in contravention to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the precedent set forth by this Court in Johnson v. City of Shelby, 574 U.S. 10 (2014), impermissibly reestablished the long-abolished pleadings doctrine which will bar Americans from litigating meritorious claims. 2. Whether the current circuit split is the result of courts, including the Eighth Circuit, impermissibly using dicta to expand the limited holding in Engquist v. Or. Dep’t of Agric., 553 U.S. 591 (2008), to cases outside of the government employment context to overrule this Court’s holding in Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562 (2000), which will now allow bad government actors to engage in unchecked, unconstitutional behavior. ii LIST OF DIRECTLY