Whether attempted bank robbery and attempted armed bank robbery are 'crimes of violence'

QUESTION PRESENTED Whether attempted bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), and attempted armed bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(d), are “crimes of violence” as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A). Specifically, (1) whether an attempt offense under § 2113(a) requires the actual use or threat of force because the attempt element relates only to the taking element; and (2) whether an attempt offense under § 2113(d), which broadly proscribes any attempt to commit an offense under § 21138(a) requires the actual use or threat of force. i