(1) Whether the First Amendment waiver requirement identified by the Supreme Court in Janus applies to public-sector employees at the time they sign a union dues checkoff form, and then also after they resign membership and seek to stop dues deductions.

(2) Whether unions are state actors under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 when the union acts pursuant to state law to direct a public employer to deduct dues from employees who have not affirmatively consented.

Whether the First Amendment waiver requirement identified by the Supreme Court in Janus applies to public-sector employees at the time they sign a union dues checkoff form, and then also after they resign membership and seek to stop dues deductions