Whether §1605(a)(6) allows United States courts to assert jurisdiction over a foreign sovereign without determining whether the sovereign consented to arbitrate differences between itself and the plaintiff

is: Whether §1605(a)(6) allows United States courts to assert jurisdiction over a foreign sovereign without determining whether the sovereign consented to arbitrate differences between itself and the plaintiff. 2. Forum non conveniens permits federal courts to dismiss a case when the chosen forum is inappropriate. Here, European companies obtained arbitral awards against a European sovereign based on European conduct. But instead of asking European courts to confirm their awards —a process that implicates questions of European law —the companies sought confirmation here, requiring United States courts to decide those foreign -law questions . The second question presented is: Whether , in suits to confirm foreign arbitral awards , forum non conveniens dismissal : (i) is categorically unavailable, as the D.C. Circuit hold s; (ii) is unavailable in at least some suits, as the Fourth Circuit holds; or (ii i) depends on the facts of each case, as the Second and Ninth Circuits hold .