Adjudged to be AFFIRMED. Kagan, J., delivered the <a href = 'https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-624_b07d.pdf'>opinion</a> for a unanimous Court. Sotomayor, J., and Gorsuch, J., filed concurring opinions.

Argued. For petitioner: Fred A. Rowley, Jr., Los Angeles, Cal. For respondent: Christian B. Corrigan, Solicitor General, Helena, Mont.; and Zoe A. Jacoby, Assistant to the Solicitor General, Department of Justice, Washington, D. C. (for United States, as amicus curiae.)

Reply of petitioner William Trevor Case filed. (Distributed)

Reply of William Trevor Case submitted.

Motion of the Solicitor General for leave to participate in oral argument as amicus curiae and for divided argument GRANTED.

Brief amicus curiae of United States filed. (Distributed)

Amicus brief of State of Michigan and Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and District of Columbia submitted.

Amicus brief of Local Government Legal Center, National Association of Counties, National League of Cities, International City/County Management Association, and International Municipal Lawyers Association submitted.

Amicus brief of United States submitted.

Motion of United States for leave to participate in oral argument and for divided argument submitted.

Brief amici curiae of Michigan, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Local Government Legal Center, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of States of Michigan, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of State of Michigan, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Motion of the Solicitor General for leave to participate in oral argument as amicus curiae and for divided argument filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Professor Michael J.Z. Mannheimer filed. (Distributed)

Amicus brief of Michael J.Z. Mannheimer submitted.

Record received electronically from the Supreme Court of Montana and available with the Clerk.

Brief of Montana submitted.

Brief of respondent Montana filed. (Distributed)

CIRCULATED

Record received electronically from the Anaconda-Deer Lodge District Court and available with the Clerk.

Record requested from the Supreme Court of Montana.

SET FOR ARGUMENT on Wednesday, October 15, 2025.

Brief amicus curiae of Constitutional Accountability Center filed.

Amicus brief of America's Future, Gun Owners of America, Gun Owners Foundation, Gun Owners of California, Downsize DC Foundation, DownsizeDC.org, Inc., U.S. Constitutional Rights Legal Defense Fund, and Conservative Legal Defense and Education Fund submitted.

Amicus brief of Cato Institute and Americans for Prosperity Foundation submitted.

Amicus brief of The Montana Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers submitted.

Amicus brief of The Rutherford Institute submitted.

Brief amici curiae of Cato Institute, et al. filed.

Brief amicus curiae of The Montana Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers filed.

Brief amici curiae of America's Future, et al. filed.

Brief amici curiae of Project for Privacy & Surveillance Accountability, et al. filed.

Brief amicus curiae of The Rutherford Institute filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Montana Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Rutherford Institute filed.

Brief amici curiae of American Psychiatric Association, et al. in support of neither party filed.

Amicus brief of American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, and Judge David L. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law submitted.

Amicus brief of Project for Privacy & Surveillance Accountability; Restore the Fourth, Inc. submitted.

Amicus brief of Constitutional Accountability Center submitted.

Amicus brief of National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, American Civil Liberties Union, and American Civil Liberties Union of Montana submitted.

Brief amici curiae of National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, et al. filed.

Brief amicus curiae of The LONANG Institute filed.

Amicus brief of The Lonang Institute submitted.

Brief of William Trevor Case submitted.

Joint Appendix submitted.

Brief of petitioner William Trevor Case filed.

Joint appendix filed. (Statement of costs filed)

Motion to extend the time within which to file the briefs on the merits granted. The time for filing the joint appendix and petitioner's brief on the merits is extended to and including July 30, 2025. The time to file respondent's brief on the merits is extended to and including September 3, 2025.

Joint Letter regarding Scheduling of Montana submitted.

Motion for an extension of time within which to file the briefs on the merits filed.

Petition GRANTED.

Letter updating counsel of record information for respondents received.

Letter updating counsel of record information for Respondents of Montana submitted.

DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 5/29/2025.

DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 5/22/2025.

DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 5/15/2025.

Rescheduled.

DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 5/2/2025.

Reply of petitioner William Trevor Case filed. (Distributed)

Brief of respondent Montana in opposition filed.

Brief of Montana in opposition submitted.

Motion to extend the time to file a response is granted and the time is further extended to and including April 4, 2025.

Motion to extend the time to file a response from March 5, 2025 to April 4, 2025, submitted to The Clerk.

Motion of Montana for an extension of time submitted.

Brief amicus curiae of Project for Privacy & Surveillance Accountability filed.

Motion to extend the time to file a response is granted and the time is extended to and including March 5, 2025.

Motion to extend the time to file a response from February 3, 2025 to March 5, 2025, submitted to The Clerk.

Motion of Montana for an extension of time submitted.

Response Requested. (Due February 3, 2025)

DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 1/10/2025.

Waiver of right of respondent Montana to respond filed.

Waiver of Montana of right to respond submitted.

Petition for a writ of certiorari filed. (Response due January 6, 2025)

Application (24A361) granted by Justice Kagan extending the time to file until December 4, 2024.

Application (24A361) to extend the time to file a petition for a writ of certiorari from November 4, 2024 to December 4, 2024, submitted to Justice Kagan.