Whether the Alien Tort Statute allows a judicially-implied private right of action for aiding and abetting, and whether mere knowledge rather than purpose suffices to show the requisite mens rea

1. Whether the Alien Tort Statute (“ATS”), 28 U.S.C. § 1350, allows a judicially-implied private right of action for aiding and abetting. 2. Whether, if ATS aiding-and-abetting claims are cognizable, mere knowledge rather than purpose suffices to show the requisite mens rea . 3. Whether the Torture Victim Protection Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1350 note, allows a judicially-implied private right of action for aiding and abetting.