Argued. Certiorari to the C. A. District of Columbia Circuit. For petitioners: D. John Sauer, Solicitor General, Department of Justice, Washington, D. C. For respondents: Amit Agarwal, Washington, D. C.

Reply of petitioners Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Amicus brief of Senior White House Lawyers, Government Officials, Federal Judges, Governors, and Members of Congress Who Where Appointed or Nominated by Republican Presidents, or Who Were Elected as Republicans submitted.

Amicus brief of Public Knowledge submitted.

Amicus brief of TechFreedom submitted.

Amicus brief of Public Citizen submitted.

Amicus brief of The National Whistleblower Center and Dr. Tommie G. Savage submitted.

Amicus brief of Jed Handelsman Shugerman submitted.

Amicus brief of Professors Nicholas R. Bednar and Todd Phillips submitted.

Amicus brief of Constitutional Accountability Center submitted.

Amicus brief of Professors of Administrative Law, Legislation and the Regulatory State, and Separation of Powers submitted.

Amicus brief of Open Markets Institute submitted.

Amicus brief of Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press submitted.

Amicus brief of State of Colorado and 22 Other States submitted.

Amicus brief of Professor Andrea Scoseria Katz and Professor Jonathan Gienapp submitted.

Amicus brief of Campaign Legal Center and Trevor Potter submitted.

Amicus brief of Professor Jane Manners submitted.

Amicus brief of Gwynne Wilcox submitted.

Amicus brief of Patrick J. Borchers, Michael C. Dorf, Kellen Funk, Aziz Huq, Riley T. Keenan, James Pfander, and Jonathan D. Shaub submitted.

Amicus brief of Independent Agency Board Members and Scholars submitted.

Amicus brief of Issue One, the Honorable Brian Baird, the Honorable Charles Boustany, the Honorable Joseph Hoeffel, the Honorable Steven Gunderson, the Honorable Bill Sarpalius, and the Honorable Peter Smith submitted.

Amicus brief of Todd Harper and Tanya Otsuka submitted.

Amicus brief of Legal Historians Noah A. Rosenblum and Nathaniel Donahue submitted.

Amicus brief of The American Antitrust Institute and the Committee to Support the Antitrust Laws submitted.

Brief amici curiae of Todd Harper, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Bipartisan Former Chairs of the Federal Trade Commission filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Professors of Administrative Law, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Open Markets Institute filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Professor Jane Manners filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Public Citizen filed.

Brief amici curiae of Professor Andrea Scoseria Katz, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Professor Jed Handelsman Shugerman filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Legal Historian Noah A. Rosenblum, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Campaign Legal Center, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Independent Agency Board Members, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Issue One, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Thirteen Retired Federal Judges filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Professor Nicholas R. Bednar, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Colorado, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Constitutional Accountability Center filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Gwynne Wilcox filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of The American Antitrust Institute, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of 207 Members of Congress filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Former Senior White House Lawyers, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Patrick J. Borchers, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Former Members of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of TechFreedom filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of The National Whistleblower Center, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of National Whistleblower Center filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of Public Knowledge filed.

Amicus brief of American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations submitted.

Brief amicus curiae of American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of 40 National, State, and Local Consumer, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Former Members of Multimember Boards and Commissions filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Bipartisan Former Commissioners of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Bipartisan Former Commissioners of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission filed. (Distributed)

Amicus brief of Professor Victoria Nourse and Lawyers Defending American Democracy submitted.

Brief amici curiae of Administrative and Constitutional Law Professors filed. (Distributed)

Brief amici curiae of Professor Victoria Nourse, et al. filed. (Distributed)

Brief of Rebecca Kelly Slaughter, et al. submitted.

Brief of respondent Rebecca Kelly Slaughter filed. (Distributed)

Record received from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The record is electronic and is available on PACER.

Record received from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The record is electronic and is available on PACER.

Amicus brief of America First Legal Foundation submitted.

Record requested from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

CIRCULATED

SET FOR ARGUMENT on Monday, December 8, 2025.

Amicus brief of Ariana Cortes and Logan Karam submitted.

Amicus brief of American Center for Law and Justice submitted.

Amicus brief of Christian Employers Alliance submitted.

Amicus brief of The Claremont Institute Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence submitted.

Amicus brief of The Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America submitted.

Amicus brief of Professor Michael T. Morley submitted.

Amicus brief of Cathy Harris submitted.

Amicus brief of Pacific Legal Foundation submitted.

Amicus brief of Cato Institute submitted.

Amicus brief of America's Future, Gun Owners of America, Gun Owners Foundation, Gun Owners of California, Citizens United, U.S. Constitutional Rights Legal Defense Fund, and Conservative Legal Defense and Education Fund submitted.

Amicus brief of Maud Maron submitted.

Amicus brief of J. Christian Adams submitted.

Amicus brief of Landmark Legal Foundation submitted.

Amicus brief of U.S. Senator Eric Schmitt Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution submitted.

Amicus brief of The Honorable Edwin Meese III, The Honorable Michael B. Mukasey, Professor Steven G. Calabresi, and Professor Christopher S. Yoo submitted.

Amicus brief of New Civil Liberties Alliance submitted.

Brief amicus curiae of Pacific Legal Foundation filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Christian Employers Alliance filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Professor Michael T. Morley in support of neither party filed.

Brief amici curiae of Ariana Cortes, et al. filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Landmark Legal Foundation filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Claremont Institute Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence filed.

Brief amicus curiae of New Civil Liberties Alliance filed.

Brief amici curiae of The Honorable Edwin Meese III, et al. filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Maud Maron in support of neither party filed.

Brief amicus curiae of American Center for Law and Justice filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Cato Institute filed.

Brief amici curiae of America's Future, et al. filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Cathy Harris in support of neither party filed.

Brief amicus curiae of America First Legal Foundation filed. (Distributed)

Brief amicus curiae of U.S. Senator Eric Schmitt Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution filed. (Distributed)

Amicus brief of Americans for Prosperity Foundation submitted.

Amicus brief of Ilan Wurman submitted.

Brief amicus curiae of Ilan Wurman filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Americans for Prosperity Foundation filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Professor Ilan Wurman filed.

Amicus brief of Washington Legal Foundation submitted.

Brief amicus curiae of Washington Legal Foundation filed.

Brief of Donald J. Trump, et al. submitted.

Joint Appendix submitted.

Brief of petitioners Donald J. Trump, et al. filed.

Joint appendix filed.

The joint appendix and petitioners' brief on the merits are to be filed on or before Friday, October 10, 2025. Respondents' brief on the merits is to be filed on or before Friday, November 7, 2025. The reply brief is to be filed on or before Monday, November 24, 2025.

Application (25A264) referred to the Court.

Petition for writ of certiorari before judgment GRANTED. (Detached Opinion)

Application (25A264) for stay presented to The Chief Justice and by him referred to the Court is granted. The July 17, 2025 order of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, No. 25–cv–909, ECF Doc. 52, is stayed. The application is also treated as a petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment, and the petition is granted (case No. 25-332). The parties are directed to brief and argue the following questions: (1) Whether the statutory removal protections for members of the Federal Trade Commission violate the separation of powers and, if so, whether <i>Humphrey’s Executor</i> v. <i>United States</i>, 295 U. S. 602 (1935), should be overruled. (2) Whether a federal court may prevent a person’s removal from public office, either through relief at equity or at law. The Clerk is directed to establish a briefing schedule that will allow the case to be argued in the December 2025 argument session. The stay shall terminate upon the sending down of the judgment of this Court. Justice Kagan, joined by Justice Sotomayor, and Justice Jackson, dissents. (Detached Opinion)

Application (25A264) for stay presented to The Chief Justice and by him referred to the Court is granted. The July 17, 2025 order of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, No. 25–cv–909, ECF Doc. 52, is stayed. The application is also treated as a petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment, and the petition is granted (case No. 25-332). The parties are directed to brief and argue the following questions: (1) Whether the statutory removal protections for members of the Federal Trade Commission violate the separation of powers and, if so, whether <i>Humphrey’s Executor</i> v. <i>United States</i>, 295 U. S. 602 (1935), should be overruled. (2) Whether a federal court may prevent a person’s removal from public office, either through relief at equity or at law. The Clerk is directed to establish a briefing schedule that will allow the case to be argued in the December 2025 argument session. The stay shall terminate upon the sending down of the judgment of this Court. Justice Kagan, joined by Justice Sotomayor, and Justice Jackson, dissents. (Detached <a href = 'https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/25a264_o759.pdf'>Opinion</a>)

Reply of applicant Donald J. Trump, et al. filed.

Response to application from respondent Rebecca Kelly Slaughter, et al. filed.

Brief amicus curiae of TechFreedom filed.

Brief amici curiae of America's Future, et al. filed.

Letter from counsel for Gwynne A. Wilcox filed.

Letter from counsel for petitioner Gwynne A. Wilcox in case No. 25-319 filed.

Letter of Cathy Harris filed.

Brief amicus curiae of Christian Employers Alliance filed.

Brief amici curiae of Florida, et al. filed.

Order entered by The Chief Justice: Upon consideration of the application of counsel for the applicants, it is ordered that the July 17, 2025 order of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, case No. 1:25-cv-909, is hereby stayed pending further order of The Chief Justice or of the Court. It is further ordered that a response to the application be filed on or before Monday, September 15th, 2025, by 4 p.m. (EDT).

Response to request for administrative stay from respondents Rebecca Kelly Slaughter, et al. filed.

Application (25A264) for a stay, submitted to The Chief Justice.