No. 25-365
Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. v. Barbara, et al.
Tags: birthright-citizenship citizenship-clause constitutional-interpretation executive-order fourteenth-amendment immigration-law
Latest Conference:
2025-12-05
(distributed 2 times)
Question Presented (from Petition)
The Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that those "born * * * in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof," are U.S. citizens. U.S. Const. Amend. XIV, § 1. The Clause was adopted to confer citizenship on the newly freed slaves and their children, not on the children of aliens temporarily visiting the United States or of illegal aliens. On January 20, 2025, President Trump issued Executive Order No. 14,160, Protecting the Meaning and Value of American Citizenship, which restores the original meaning of the Citizenship Clause and provides, on a prospective basis only, that children of temporary visitors and illegal aliens are not U.S. citizens by birth. The Citizenship Order directs federal agencies not to issue or accept citizenship documents for such children born more than 30 days after the Order's effective date.
The question presented is whether the Executive Order complies on its face with the Citizenship Clause and with 8 U.S.C. 1401(a), which codifies that Clause.
Question Presented (AI Summary)
Whether the Executive Order restoring the original meaning of the Citizenship Clause complies with the Fourteenth Amendment and 8 U.S.C. 1401(a)
Docket Entries
2026-04-01
Argued. For petitioners: D. John Sauer, Solicitor General, Department of Justice, Washington, D. C. For respondents: Cecillia D. Wang, San Francisco, Cal.
2026-03-19
Reply of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. submitted.
2026-03-19
Reply of petitioners Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-03-03
Amicus brief of South Asian American Justice Collaborative And Other Organizations Serving South Asian Communities submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Tyler Anbinder, Garrett Epps and Aviam Soifer submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of New Jersey, Washington, Massachusetts, California, and 21 Other State and Local Governments submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Reprieve, Reprieve US Inc., Institute of Race Relations, Zoe Bantleman, Prof. Devyani Prabhat, and Dr. Timothy Jacob-Owens submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Secure Families Initiative, The Chamberlain Network, Black Veterans Project, And Foreign-Born Military Spouse Network submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Historians Martha S. Jones and Kate Masur submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Cato Institute submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Federal Indian Law Scholars Gregory Ablavsky and Bethany Berger submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the League of Women Voters, the Equal Justice Society, the National Urban League, and the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of South Asian American Justice Collaborative And Other Organizations Serving South Asian Communities submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Corey J. Biazzo, Esq. and Kevin Song submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Professor Eric L. Muller submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops & Catholic Legal Immigration Network submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Professor Keith Whittington submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Charitable Irish Society of Boston and Pioneer New England Legal Foundation submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of The Emory Civil Rights Society submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of The Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality, The Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, The Center for Civil Rights and Critical Justice, And 71 Additional Nonprofit and Grassroots Organizations and Race and Law Centers submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of The Aoki Center for Critical Race and Nation Studies at The University of California, Davis, School of Law, and Constitutional, Civil Rights and Other Scholars submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Current and Former Elected Officials and Judges from U.S. Territories submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of American Bar Association submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Local Governments and Local Government Leaders submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Global Strategic Litigation Council et al submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Originalist Scholars Evan D. Bernick and Jed H. Shugerman submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Project Rousseau submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of LatinoJustice PRLDEF, Afro-Latino Forum, Hispanic Federation, et al. submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of The Society for the Rule of Law Institute and Former White House Lawyers, Senior Government Officials, Federal Judges, Governors, and Members of Congress who were Appointed or Nominated by Republican Presidents, or Elected as Republicans submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Neutral Principles submitted.
2026-02-26
Amicus brief of Professors Caitlin Patler, Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Peter Catron, Chloe East, Erin Hamilton, Amy Hsin, Cecilia Menjivar, Robert Smith, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Maria-Elena Young, and 131 Others submitted.
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Scholars of Constitutional Law and Immigration filed. (Corrected - February 26, 2026.) (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amicus curiae of Project Rousseau filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Global Strategic Litigation Council, et al filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of The Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Secure Families Initiative, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amicus curiae of Cato Institute filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Current and Former Elected Officials, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Originalist Scholars Evan D. Bernick, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of The Aoki Center for Critical Race and Nation Studies at The University of California, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amicus curiae of Neutral Principles filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Local Governments, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Members of Congress filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amicus curiae of Professor Keith Whittington filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Black Immigrants’ Rights Organizations filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amicus curiae of American Bar Association filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of State of New Jersey, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of CASA, The League of United Latin American Citizens, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of LatinoJustice PRLDEF, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amicus curiae of The Emory Civil Rights Society filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Tyler Anbinder, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of The Society for the Rule of Law Institute and Former White House Lawyers, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Historian Martha S. Jones, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Federal Indian Law Scholars Gregory Ablavsky, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amicus curiae of Professor Eric L. Muller filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Reprieve, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Charitable Irish Society of Boston, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Professors Caitlin Patler, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of First Focus on Children, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amicus curiae of Corey J. Biazzo, filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of South Asian American Justice Collaborative, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Race Law Scholars filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-26
Brief amici curiae of Faith-Based Organizations filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-25
CIRCULATED
2026-02-25
Amicus brief of Professor Amanda L. Tyler submitted.
2026-02-25
Amicus brief of Chinese American Legal Defense Alliance submitted.
2026-02-25
Brief amici curiae of National Asian Pacific American Bar Association, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-25
Brief amicus curiae of Chinese American Legal Defense Alliance filed.(Distributed)
2026-02-25
Brief amicus curiae of Professor Amanda L. Tyler filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-24
Amicus brief of Professors Gabriel J. Chin, Paul Finkelman, and Erika Lee submitted.
2026-02-24
Amicus brief of Service Employees International Union, et al. submitted.
2026-02-24
Brief amici curiae of Professor Gabriel J. Chin, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-24
Brief amici curiae of 19 Labor Organizations filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-23
Amicus brief of Professor Akhil Reed Amar submitted.
2026-02-23
Brief amicus curiae of Professor Akhil Reed Amar filed. (Distributed)
2026-02-19
Brief of Barbara, et al. submitted.
2026-02-19
Brief of respondents Barbara, et al. filed.
2026-02-19
Brief amici curiae of Members of Congress filed.
2026-02-19
Brief of amici curiae Members of Congress filed. (To be corrected - February 24, 2026.)
2026-02-19
Brief of amici curiae Members of Congress filed. (Electronic and paper copies to be corrected - February 24, 2026.)
2026-02-19
Brief amici curiae of Members of Congress filed. (Corrected brief - February 26, 2026.) (Distributed)
2026-02-18
Amicus brief of David Boyle submitted.
2026-02-18
Brief amici curiae of Citizenship Law Scholars filed.
2026-02-18
Brief amicus curiae of David Boyle filed.
2026-02-17
Record received electronically from the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire and available with the Clerk.
2026-02-10
Record requested from the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
2026-02-10
Amicus brief of William T. Dickson submitted.
2026-02-10
Brief amicus curiae of William T. Dickson filed.
2026-02-10
Record received from the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. The record is electronic and is available on PACER.
2026-02-03
Amicus brief of Gerard N. Magliocca et. al. submitted.
2026-02-03
Brief amici curiae of Professor Gerard N. Magliocca filed.
2026-02-02
Amicus brief of The Kirkwood Institute, Hans Von Spakovsky, and Amy Swearer submitted.
2026-01-30
SET FOR ARGUMENT on Wednesday, April 1, 2026.
2026-01-29
Amicus brief of William T. Dickson submitted.
2026-01-29
Amicus brief of Former National Security Official Joshua Steinman submitted.
2026-01-29
Amicus brief of The Kirkwood Institute, Hans Von Spakovsky, and Amy Swearer submitted.
2026-01-28
Amicus brief of Senator Ted Cruz, Representative Jim Jordan, and Other Members of Congress submitted.
2026-01-28
Brief amici curiae of Senator Ted Cruz, et al. filed.
2026-01-28
Brief amicus curiae of William T. Dickson filed. (Corrected)
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Coolidge Reagan Foundation submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of America First Policy Institute submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Former United States Attorney General Edwin Meese III submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Professor Richard A. Epstein submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Claudia Tenney, Andy Biggs, Cory Mills, John Rose, and Barry Moore submitted.
2026-01-27
Certificate of Word Count Compliance of Claudia Tenney, Andy Biggs, Cory Mills, John Rose, and Barry Moore submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of America's Future, Gun Owners of America, Gun Owners Foundation, Gun Owners of California, Citizens United, Tennessee Firearms Association, Tennessee Firearms Foundation, Judicial Action Group Foundation, U.S. Constitutional Rights Legal Defense Fund, and Conservative Legal Defense and Education Fund submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of The Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Tennessee, Iowa, and 22 Other States submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Brief of Christian Family Coalition of Florida (CFC), Inc. submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Michael T. Morley and Florida State University Election Law Center submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Federation for American Immigration Reform and Landmark Legal Foundation submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Former National Security Official Joshua Steinman submitted.
2026-01-27
Amicus brief of Professor Ilan Wurman submitted.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Professor Ilan Wurman filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amici curiae of Claudia Tenney, et al. filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amici curiae of The Kirkwood Institute, et al. filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amici curiae of Michael T. Morley, et al. filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Former National Security Official Joshua Steinman filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Christian Family Coalition of Florida (CFC), Inc. filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Coolidge Reagan Foundation filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amici curiae of Tennessee, et al. filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Former United States Attorney General Edwin Meese III filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Professor Richard A. Epstein filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amici curiae of America's Future, et al. filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of America First Policy Institute filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of The Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Federation for American Immigration Reform filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Honorable Edwin Meese III filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence filed.
2026-01-27
Brief amicus curiae of Former National Security Official Joshua Steinman filed. (Corrected)
2026-01-23
Amicus brief of Article III Project submitted.
2026-01-23
Amicus brief of Center for Renewing America submitted.
2026-01-23
Amicus brief of Senator Eric Schmitt and Representative Chip Roy submitted.
2026-01-23
Brief amici curiae of Senator Eric Schmitt, et al. filed.
2026-01-23
Brief amicus curiae of Center for Renewing America filed.
2026-01-23
Brief amicus curiae of Article III Project filed.
2026-01-20
Brief for the Petitioners of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. submitted.
2026-01-20
Brief of petitioners Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. filed.
2026-01-12
Motion to dispense with printing the joint appendix filed by petitioners GRANTED.
2025-12-17
Motion of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. to dispense with joint appendix submitted.
2025-12-17
Motion to dispense with printing the joint appendix filed by petitioners Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al.
2025-12-05
Petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment GRANTED.
2025-12-01
DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 12/5/2025.
2025-11-06
Reply of petitioner Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. filed. (Distributed)
2025-11-05
DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 11/21/2025.
2025-11-04
Waiver of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al. of the 14-day waiting period submitted.
2025-11-04
Waiver of the 14-day waiting period for the distribution of the petition pursuant to Rule 15.5 filed by petitioners.
2025-10-29
Amicus brief of U.S. Senators Ted Cruz, Lindsey Graham, Ted Budd, Bernie Moreno, Jim Banks, Mike Lee, Kevin Cramer, Cindy Hyde-Smith, and Marsha Blackburn submitted.
2025-10-29
Brief of Barbara, et al. in opposition submitted.
2025-10-29
Amicus brief of America's Future, Gun Owners of America, Gun Owners Foundation, Gun Owners of California, Citizens United, U.S. Constitutional Rights Legal Defense Fund, and Conservative Legal Defense and Education Fund submitted.
2025-10-29
Amicus brief of Brief of Christian Family Coalition of Florida (CFC), Inc. submitted.
2025-10-29
Amicus brief of Corey J. Biazzo, Esq. and Kevin Song submitted.
2025-10-29
Amicus brief of The Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence submitted.
2025-10-29
Brief of respondents Barbara, et al. in opposition filed.
2025-10-27
Amicus brief of Federation for American Immigration Reform and Landmark Legal Foundation submitted.
2025-10-24
Amicus brief of Tennessee, Iowa, and 22 Other States submitted.
2025-10-10
Amicus brief of 18 Members of the Committee on the Judiciary of the U.S. House of Representatives submitted.
2025-09-26
Petition for a writ of certiorari before judgment filed. (Response due October 29, 2025)
Attorneys
18 Members of the Committee on the Judiciary of the U.S. House of Representatives
R. Trent McCotter — Boyden Gray PLLC, Amicus
Advancing American Freedom
America First Policy Institute
America's Future, Gun Owners of America, Gun Owners Foundation, Gun Owners of California, Citizens United, U.S. Constitutional Rights Legal Defense Fund, and Conservative Legal Defense and Education Fund
William Jeffrey Olson — William J. Olson, P.C., Amicus
American Bar Association
Article III Project
Barbara, et al.
Cody Hirt Wofsy — American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, Respondent
Black Immigrants’ Rights Organizations
Raymond Patrick Tolentino — Cooley LLP, Amicus
Brief of Christian Family Coalition of Florida (CFC), Inc.
Dennis Grossman — Amicus
CASA, The League of United Latin American Citizens, et al.
Cato Institute
Thomas Arthur Berry — Cato Institute, Amicus
Center for Renewing America
Charitable Irish Society of Boston and Pioneer New England Legal Foundation
Chinese American Legal Defense Alliance
Citizenship Law Scholars
Claudia Tenney, Andy Biggs, Cory Mills, John Rose, and Barry Moore
Philip Joseph Vecchio — Philip J. Vecchio, P.C., Amicus
Coolidge Reagan Foundation
Corey J. Biazzo, Esq. and Kevin Song
Corey John Biazzo — Biazzo Law PLLC, Amicus
Current and Former Elected Officials and Judges from U.S. Territories
Neil C. Weare — Right to Democracy Project, Amicus
David Boyle
David Christopher Boyle — Amicus
Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al.
D. John Sauer — Solicitor General, Petitioner
Faith-Based Organizations
Federal Indian Law Scholars Gregory Ablavsky and Bethany Berger
Federation for American Immigration Reform and Landmark Legal Foundation
First Focus on Children
Mary Kelly Persyn — Persyn Law & Policy, Amicus
Former National Security Official Joshua Steinman
Judd Edward Stone II — Stone | Hilton PLLC, Amicus
Former United States Attorney General Edwin Meese III
Gerard N. Magliocca et. al.
Global Strategic Litigation Council et al
Ian Matthew Kysel — Cornell Law School, Amicus
Historians Martha S. Jones and Kate Masur
Richard B. Kendall — Kendall Brill & Kelly LLP, Amicus
LatinoJustice PRLDEF, Afro-Latino Forum, Hispanic Federation, et al.
Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the League of Women Voters, the Equal Justice Society, the National Urban League, and the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
Local Governments and Local Government Leaders
Jonathan B. Miller — Public Rights Project, Amicus
Members of Congress
Jonathan T. Weinberg — Wayne State University, Amicus
Michael T. Morley and Florida State University Election Law Center
National Asian Pacific American Bar Association, et al.
Wendy Mengwen Feng — Seyfarth Shaw LLP, Amicus
New Jersey, Washington, Massachusetts, California, and 21 Other State and Local Governments
Originalist Scholars Evan D. Bernick and Jed H. Shugerman
Brendan Colin Benedict — Benedict Law Group, Amicus
Professor Akhil Reed Amar
Professor Amanda L. Tyler
Amanda Lynn Tyler — University of California, Amicus
Professor Eric L. Muller
John Tatsuo Nakahata — HWG LLP, Amicus
Professor Ilan Wurman
Professor Keith Whittington
Erik S. Jaffe — Schaerr | Jaffe LLP, Amicus
Professor Richard A. Epstein
Professors Caitlin Patler, Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Peter Catron, Chloe East, Erin Hamilton, Amy Hsin, Cecilia Menjivar, Robert Smith, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Maria-Elena Young, and 131 Others
Rachel Williams Dempsey — Towards Justice, Amicus
Professors Gabriel J. Chin, Paul Finkelman, and Erika Lee
Andrew Shi-Chen Ong — Goodwin Procter LLP, Amicus
Project Rousseau
Ilan Rosenberg — Freiwald Law, P.C., Amicus
Race Law Scholars
Reprieve, Reprieve US Inc., Institute of Race Relations, Zoe Bantleman, Prof. Devyani Prabhat, and Dr. Timothy Jacob-Owens
Michelle Shane Kallen — Steptoe LLP, Amicus
Scholars of Constitutional Law and Immigration
Secure Families Initiative, The Chamberlain Network, Black Veterans Project, And Foreign-Born Military Spouse Network
Danielle Marie Lang — Campaign Legal Center, Amicus
Senator Eric Schmitt and Representative Chip Roy
Charles Justin Cooper — Cooper & Kirk, PLLC, Amicus
Senator Ted Cruz, Representative Jim Jordan, and Other Members of Congress
James Ryan Conde — Boyden Gray PLLC, Amicus
Service Employees International Union, et al.
South Asian American Justice Collaborative And Other Organizations Serving South Asian Communities
Tennessee, Iowa, and 22 Other States
The Aoki Center for Critical Race and Nation Studies at The University of California, Davis, School of Law, and Constitutional, Civil Rights and Other Scholars
The Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence
John C. Eastman — Constitutional Counsel Group, Amicus
The Emory Civil Rights Society
Paul Robert Koster — Emory Law School, Amicus
The Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality, The Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, The Center for Civil Rights and Critical Justice, And 71 Additional Nonprofit and Grassroots Organizations and Race and Law Centers
Jonathan D. Hacker — O'Melveny & Myers LLP, Amicus
The Kirkwood Institute, Hans Von Spakovsky, and Amy Swearer
Alan Roger Ostergren — Alan R. Ostergren, PC, Amicus
The Society for the Rule of Law Institute and Former White House Lawyers, Senior Government Officials, Federal Judges, Governors, and Members of Congress who were Appointed or Nominated by Republican Presidents, or Elected as Republicans
Tadhg Aodh Joseph Dooley — Wiggin and Dana LLP, Amicus
Tyler Anbinder, Garrett Epps and Aviam Soifer
U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops & Catholic Legal Immigration Network
Matthew Theodore Martens — WilmerHale, Amicus
William T. Dickson
William T. Dickson — Amicus