No. 25-6372

Andre Belous v. City of Battle Creek, Michigan

Lower Court: Sixth Circuit
Docketed: 2025-12-15
Status: Pending
Type: IFP
Response WaivedIFP
Tags: constitutional-rights due-process jurisdictional-defect loper-bright municipal-officer oath-of-office
Key Terms:
DueProcess
Latest Conference: 2026-02-20
Question Presented (from Petition)

1. Oath of Office & Due Process
Whether a state court judgment is void when initiated by a municipal officer
who never filed the constitutionally required oath of office, and whether the
Due Process Clause requires courts —particularly after Loper Light
Enterprises v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. (2024), and E.M.D. Sales, Inc. v.
Carrera, 604 U.S. (2025) —to independently review such jurisdictional
defects rather than presume regularity.

2. Stateless Person & Federal Removal
Whether a stateless resident of the United States, asserting violations of
federal constitutional rights, is entitled to removal under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331,
1441, or 1443 when state courts refuse to adjudicate those federal claims

3. Al-Assisted Petitioning & the First Amendment
Whether the First Amendment 's Petition Clause protects an individual 's
right to use artificial intelligence as a speech-prosthetic to draft legal filings,
and whether courts may disregard petitions prepared with Al assistance
consistent with the right to petition for redress of grievances.

Question Presented (AI Summary)

Whether a state court judgment is void when initiated by a municipal officer who never filed the constitutionally required oath of office, and whether the Due Process Clause requires courts to independently review jurisdictional defects

Docket Entries

2026-01-15
DISTRIBUTED for Conference of 2/20/2026.
2025-12-30
Waiver of right of respondent City Battle Creek to respond filed.
2025-12-01
Petition for a writ of certiorari and motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis filed. (Response due January 14, 2026)

Attorneys

Andre Belous
Andre Belous — Petitioner
City Battle Creek
C. Marcel Stoetzel IIICity Attorney's Office, Respondent