whether the 'functional equivalence' doctrine applies to nonjurisdictional mandatory claim processing rules requiring a petition for permission to appeal

QUESTION PRESENTED The “functional equivalence” doctrine of Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178 (1962), Torres v. Oakland Scavenger Co., 487 U.S. 312 (1988), and Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244 (1992), allows rules of procedure to be liberally construed so substitute filings or technically defective filings can satisfy a jurisdictional rule that the appellant file a notice of appeal. The question presented in this case is whether the “functional equivalence” doctrine also applies to nonjurisdicitonal mandatory claim processing rules requiring a petition for permission to appeal.