Does 18 U.S.C. § 2423(c)'s regulation of non-commercial, non-economic conduct of American citizens outside the United States exceed Congress's Foreign Commerce Clause power?

QUESTION PRESENTED This Court has well-settled that the Commerce Clause gives Congress no general police power over non-commercial, non-economic conduct. See United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 567-68 (1995); United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 617-18 (2000). The question before this Court is whether constitutional safeguards limiting Congress from exercising general police power apply to conduct outside the United States: Does 18 U.S.C. § 2423(c)’s regulation of noncommercial, non-economic conduct of American citizens outside the United States exceed Congress’s Foreign Commerce Clause power? i STATEMENT OF RELATED CASES United States v. Erik Leonardus Peeters, No. 2:09-cr-00932-CAS, U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. Judgment entered December 7, 2016. United States v. Erik Leonardus Peeters, No. 16-50471, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Judgment entered September 9, 2019; rehearing denied November 21, 2019. ii