Does the government need to prove subjective intent for anti-kickback statute violations?

QUESTION PRESENTED To convict a defendant of violating the anti-kickback statute, is the government required to establish that the accused intended to engage in unlawful conduct? In this matter, arising from alleged healthcare fraud, conspiracy, and violations of the anti-kickback statute, the courts below found intent based on an objective, not subjective, intent standard. Regarding a provision similar to healthcare fraud prohibitions, this Court recently determined in Ruan v. United States, 213 L. Ed. 2d 706, 142 S. Ct. 2370 (2022) that the government must prove subjective intent to commit an unlawful act in order to sustain a conviction under the Controlled Substances Act. The prior rulings in this case, then, are in clear conflict with Ruan.