Whether the defendant committed a 'willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated killing' under 18 U.S.C. § 1(a)

QUESTION PRESENTED Whether, for a defendant to commit a “willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated killing” that constitutes first degree murder (as opposed to second degree murder) under 18 U.S.C. § 1(a), there must be some period of time, however brief, during which he in fact deliberated about his course of conduct.