first-degree-murder

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Case Title Lower Court Docketed Status Flags Tags Question Presented
25-5920 Donald Otis Williams v. Florida Florida 2025-10-21 Denied IFP aggravating-factors constitutional-challenge death-penalty first-degree-murder legislative-expansion proportionality-review Whether the Florida Legislature's expansion of the applicability of our statute's "aggravating factors" requirements, Section 921.141(6), Florida Stat…
25-5458 Andrew Jackson McCauley, Jr. v. West Virginia West Virginia 2025-08-25 Denied Response WaivedIFP change-of-venue child-abuse first-degree-murder human-remains k-9-testimony motion-for-directed-verdict Question I). Did the trial court commit reversible error by denying Petitioner's Motion for Change of Venue? Question II). Did the trial court commit…
24-6584 Colton Bagola v. United States Eighth Circuit 2025-02-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP circuit-split crime-of-violence federal-law first-degree-murder force-clause statutory-interpretation Whether first-degree murder under 18 U.S.C. § 1 qualifies as a 'crime of violence' under the force clause in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A)
24-6279 Dickens Etienne v. Michelle Edmark, Warden First Circuit 2025-01-13 Denied Response WaivedIFP brady-disclosure exculpatory-evidence first-degree-murder habeas-corpus prosecutorial-misconduct self-defense Where there was suppressed exculpatory evidence, in the form of a proffer letter demonstrating that a key prosecution witness who provided significant…
24-6003 Sydni Frazier v. United States Fourth Circuit 2024-11-20 Denied Response WaivedIFP criminal-defendant first-degree-murder jury-trial predicate-offense sixth-amendment unanimous-verdict Whether a criminal defendant's right to a jury trial under the Sixth Amendment is violated when the trial judge does not instruct the jury that it mus…
24-5294 Tommy J. May v. Kansas Kansas 2024-08-09 Denied IFP criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder jury-instruction lesser-included-offense voluntary-manslaughter Whether a criminal defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense of attempted voluntary manslaughter when charged with fi…
24-5139 Lamar McKay v. Jeff Tanner, Warden Sixth Circuit 2024-07-25 Denied Response WaivedIFP constitutional-rights directed-verdict due-process first-degree-murder insufficient-evidence jury-verdict murder premeditation reasonable-doubt Does due process require reversal where the trial court denied petitioner's motion for a directed verdict on first-degree murder due to insufficient e…
23A1165 Harry Franklin Phillips v. Ricky D. Dixon, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections Eleventh Circuit 2024-06-27 Presumed Complete circuit-court death-sentence federal-review first-degree-murder habeas-corpus post-conviction-relief Whether the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals correctly applied the standard for habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in denying Mr. Phillips' …
23A1164 Charles Grover Brant v. Ricky D. Dixon, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, et al. Eleventh Circuit 2024-06-27 Presumed Complete certificate-of-appealability death-penalty eleventh-circuit first-degree-murder habeas-corpus post-conviction Whether the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals improperly denied a Certificate of Appealability for a federal habeas corpus petition challenging a stat…
23-7727 Everett G. Miller v. Florida Florida 2024-06-14 Denied IFP aggravating-factor constitutional-challenge constitutional-law cruel-and-unusual-punishment death-penalty due-process first-degree-murder florida-supreme-court sentencing-statute Whether the Florida Supreme Court's expansion of the applicability of the CCP aggravating factor has rendered Florida's death penalty scheme unconstit…
23-7632 Cordero Passley v. United States Second Circuit 2024-06-04 Denied Response WaivedIFP criminal-law criminal-statute deliberate-intent deliberation first-degree-murder malicious-conduct mens-rea premeditation second-degree-murder willful-killing Whether the defendant committed a 'willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated killing' under 18 U.S.C. § 1(a)
23-7343 Dalevonte D. Hearn v. Illinois Illinois 2024-04-30 Denied IFP civil-rights constitutional-rights criminal-procedure double-jeopardy due-process first-degree-murder ineffective-assistance-of-counsel jury-trial mistrial sentencing trial-rights Can an American citizen be punished for exercising the right to a jury trial?
23-6599 Devon Blevins v. United States Tenth Circuit 2024-01-29 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-1 appellate-review criminal-conviction criminal-procedure first-degree-murder insufficiency-of-evidence jackson-v-virginia standard-of-review sufficiency-of-evidence Whether the court of appeals failed to correctly apply the standard of review for claims of insufficiency of evidence to support conviction of a crime…
23-6415 Christian Cruz v. Florida Florida 2024-01-05 Denied IFP capital-case capital-punishment criminal-procedure death-penalty due-process equal-protection first-degree-murder pulley-v-harris relative-culpability sentencing supreme-court-review Whether the affirmance by the Supreme Court of the State of Florida of defendant's conviction for first degree murder and sentence of death was clearl…
23-6000 Tyler Catlin Borg v. California California 2023-11-15 Denied Response WaivedIFP constitutional-due-process criminal-law criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder intent jury-instructions lying-in-wait murder-intent Questions Presented
23-5994 James Jordan McClain v. Tammy Campbell, Warden Ninth Circuit 2023-11-13 Denied Response WaivedIFP brady-violation equitable-tolling first-degree-murder habeas-corpus ineffective-assistance prosecutorial-misconduct second-degree-murder self-defense voluntary-manslaughter Whether the Ninth Circuit erred in holding that extraordinary circumstances for equitable tolling must make earlier filing 'impossible'
22-7124 Ricky Lee Scott v. Dexter Payne, Director, Arkansas Division of Correction Arkansas 2023-03-28 Denied Response WaivedIFP constitutional-violation due-process first-degree-murder jury-instructions life-imprisonment state-procedural-default trial-error waiver Whether petitioner's right to due process was violated
22-7012 Lionel Jericho McCoy v. California California 2023-03-15 Denied Response WaivedIFP charging-document common-law common-law-pleading criminal-charging due-process first-degree-murder notice notice-requirements sentencing-enhancement sixth-amendment Does the 1883 rule set forth in People v Soto, 63 Cal. 166 -that facts which expose a defendant to substantially enhanced punishment need not be pled …
22-6418 Christopher Brian Cosimano v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2022-12-29 Denied Response WaivedIFP appeals crime-of-violence criminal-law due-process eleventh-circuit federal-criminal-law federal-sentencing first-degree-murder omission-liability statutory-interpretation violent-crime Whether the Eleventh Circuit erred by finding that Florida's First-Degree Premeditated Murder Statute is categorically a crime of violence for purpose…
22-6288 Mangwiro Sadiki-Yisrael v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2022-12-13 Denied Response WaivedIFP base-offense-level first-degree-murder guilty-plea mens-rea rehaif-v-united-states rico-conspiracy sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation statutory-max Whether the government must prove a defendant's mens rea and knowledge of first-degree murder to establish the statutory max and base offense level un…
22-6132 Michael Dominick Mencher v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2022-11-22 Denied Response WaivedIFP 8th-amendment categorical-approach crime-of-violence criminal-law due-process federal-criminal-law federal-sentencing first-degree-murder sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation violent-crime Whether Florida's First-Degree Premeditated Murder Statute is categorically a crime of violence for purposes of 18 U.S.C.§ 924(C)?
22-6061 Kyle Watkins v. Sean Medeiros, Superintendent, Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Norfolk First Circuit 2022-11-15 Denied Response WaivedIFP brady-v-maryland brady-violation constitutional-rights cumulative-effect due-process first-degree-murder habeas habeas-corpus law-enforcement law-enforcement-practices prejudice prosecutorial-misconduct Whether a Court can construe Brady's prejudice prong so strictly that it becomes, in effect, an automatic means of excusing unconstitutional law enfor…
22-5982 Richard Allen Jackson v. United States Fourth Circuit 2022-11-03 Denied IFP categorical-approach crime-of-violence criminal-law divisibility divisibility-analysis federal-statutes felony-murder first-degree-murder schad-v-arizona statutory-interpretation violent-crime Is federal first-degree murder, 18 U.S.C. § 1(a), a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A)?
22-5867 Monica McCarrick v. Janelle Espinoza, Warden Ninth Circuit 2022-10-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process evidence first-degree-murder meaningful-defense mental-health paranoid-delusions premeditation trial-court-evidence Does an objectively unreasonable violation of the Constitutional right to present a meaningful defense occur when a trial court prevents a defendant f…
21-7647 Lloyd Brice v. California California 2022-04-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP conflict-of-interest due-process fair-trial first-degree-murder ineffective-assistance ineffective-assistance-of-counsel motion-for-new-trial right-to-counsel right-to-fair-trial Did the Supreme Court err in failing to rule that the denial of the Motion for New Trial due to trial counsel's conflict of interest violated Petition…
21-7630 Mickey Roy Anderson, Sr. v. United States Ninth Circuit 2022-04-15 Denied Response WaivedIFP appellate-procedure appellate-split criminal-law deliberation first-degree-murder mens-rea premeditation Whether a mere matter of seconds suffice as premeditation for first degree murder
21-7297 Jaime B. Garcia v. Warren L. Montgomery, Warden Ninth Circuit 2022-03-07 Denied Response WaivedIFP certificate-of-appealability criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder habeas-corpus jury-instructions legal-theory prosecutorial-concession reasonable-jurists standard-of-review Whether a certificate of appealability should have been issued when the jury was instructed on an invalid legal theory to convict the petitioner of fi…
21-6851 Joel Quiles v. Massachusetts Massachusetts 2022-01-14 Denied Response WaivedIFP acquittal constitutional-rights criminal-conviction double-jeopardy due-process felony-murder fifth-amendment first-degree-murder trial-procedure Did the defendant's conviction for first degree felony murder violate his constitutional right against double jeopardy?
21-6367 Dacoby Reshard Wooten v. Florida Florida 2021-11-22 Denied Response WaivedIFP alternative-theories criminal-procedure felony-murder first-degree-murder jury-unanimity premeditated-murder sixth-amendment Whether the Sixth Amendment requires jury unanimity as to whether a defendant committed premeditated murder or felony murder when the state proceeds o…
21-653 Harold Lee Harvey, Jr. v. Florida Florida 2021-11-03 Denied Relisted (2) autonomy-right counsel-override criminal-defense criminal-procedure defendant-autonomy due-process first-degree-murder ineffective-assistance-of-counsel mccoy-v-louisiana sixth-amendment Is the Sixth Amendment autonomy right established in McCoy violated where counsel overrode an express agreement with the defendant to not concede guil…
21-5371 James Roland Henderson v. California California 2021-08-13 Denied IFP criminal-intent criminal-procedure evidence-exclusion familial-violence first-degree-murder homicide imperfect-self-defense jury-instructions parental-relationship religious-beliefs self-defense special-circumstances Whether the trial court improperly instructed the jury with a pinpoint instruction on imperfect self-defense
21-5166 Leobardo Valladares v. Craig Koenig, Warden Ninth Circuit 2021-07-22 Denied Response WaivedIFP criminal-procedure cumulative-error due-process evidentiary-hearing first-degree-murder ineffective-assistance jury-instructions reasonable-doubt standard-of-proof sufficiency-of-evidence Did the Prosecution Fail to Prove Beyond a Reasonable Doubt That Valladares Committed First Degree Murder?
20-8251 Jayrionte Thomas v. West Virginia West Virginia 2021-06-08 Denied Response WaivedIFP constitutional-rights criminal-appeal criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder habeas-corpus ineffective-assistance legal-procedure right-to-counsel sixth-amendment west-virginia-law ineffective-assistance-of-counsel
20-8220 Patrick Alan Vercruysse v. Bryan Morrison, Warden Sixth Circuit 2021-06-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP 14th-amendment constitutional-rights due-process evidence-insufficiency first-degree-murder fourteenth-amendment police-testimony strangulation sufficiency-of-evidence suffocation Should petitioner's conviction be vacated due to insufficiency of the evidence that he caused the death of doctor thompson by strangulation or suffoca…
20-8048 James Terry Colley, Jr. v. Florida Florida 2021-05-17 Denied IFP 14th-amendment 8th-amendment aggravating-factor constitutional-challenge cruel-and-unusual-punishment death-penalty due-process first-degree-murder florida-supreme-court sentencing-scheme Whether Florida's death penalty scheme is unconstitutional as applied because the Florida Supreme Court's expansion of the 'especially heinous, atroci…
20-1498 Kory Alexander v. Alex Jones, Acting Warden Seventh Circuit 2021-04-27 Denied Response Waived alleyne-precedent appellate-review criminal-elements criminal-procedure double-jeopardy due-process firearm-discharge first-degree-murder jury-instructions lesser-included-offense sentencing sentencing-factor Whether the Illinois Appellate Court unreasonably applied Alleyne v. United States
20-1496 Ali Mohamed Elatrache v. Shane Jackson, Warden Sixth Circuit 2021-04-26 Denied Response Waived capital-murder constitutional-rights due-process first-degree-murder jury-instructions jury-trial lesser-included-offenses procedural-default trial-by-jury whether-petitioner-was-deprived-of-due-process-and-jury-trial
20-7715 In Re Richard DeCaro 2021-04-12 Dismissed Relisted (2)IFP double-jeopardy ex-post-facto federal-statute first-degree-murder ineffective-assistance ineffective-assistance-of-counsel mandatory-life second-degree-murder sentencing-guidelines sixth-amendment Whether the Ex Post Facto Clause is violated
20-7700 Robert Ibarra v. W. L. Montgomery, Acting Warden Ninth Circuit 2021-04-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP co-defendant-statements co-perpetrator-statements confrontation-clause constitutional-rights criminal-procedure criminal-trial due-process evidence-exclusion first-degree-murder hearsay right-to-defense right-to-present-defense Does the exclusion of statements by a co-perpetrator that he was solely responsible for the charged murder and the defendant was innocent violate the …
20-7380 Michael Eugene Wyatt v. John Sutton, Warden Ninth Circuit 2021-03-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP criminal-elements deliberation first-degree-murder habeas-review ninth-circuit ninth-circuit-precedent precedent premeditation premeditation-and-deliberation state-law sufficiency-of-evidence Did the Ninth Circuit improperly disregard and/or overlook United State Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit precedent that required it to defer to Califor…
20-7270 Keith D. Barmore v. Sonja Nicklaus, Warden Seventh Circuit 2021-02-26 Denied Response WaivedIFP constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process fair-trial first-degree-murder ineffective-assistance ineffective-assistance-of-counsel involuntary-manslaughter jury-instructions prosecutorial-misconduct Question not identified
20-6096 Dieuseul Brown v. Sonja Nicklaus, Warden Seventh Circuit 2020-10-22 Denied IFP criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder independent-and-adequate-state-grounds jury-finding jury-instructions procedural-default second-degree-murder state-grounds Whether the Petitioner's claim is Procedurally-Defaulted
20-5403 Dimarzio Swade Sanchez v. United States Ninth Circuit 2020-08-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP aiding-and-abetting criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder jury-instruction jury-instructions mandatory-life-imprisonment sixth-amendment Whether Sanchez's conviction was in contravention of historical jurisprudence and the Sixth Amendment when the district court failed to instruct the j…
20-5394 Eugene Mona, aka Gino v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-08-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP amendment-782 criminal-sentencing district-court drug-guidelines drug-sentencing-guidelines first-degree-murder motion-denial motion-for-sentence-reduction rico-conspiracy sentence-reduction Whether the District Court erred in denying Petitioner's Motion For Sentence Reduction
20-5334 Dennis K. Kieren, Jr. v. Aaron D. Ford, Attorney General of Nevada Ninth Circuit 2020-08-12 Denied Response WaivedIFP certificate-of-appealability constitutional-law constitutional-rule due-process first-degree-murder habeas-corpus retroactivity statutory-interpretation Whether the Ninth Circuit should have granted a Certificate of Appealability
20-5217 David Kelsey Sparre v. Florida Florida 2020-07-30 Denied IFP adolescent-brain-development brain-development constitutional-rights first-degree-murder harmless-error ineffective-assistance-of-counsel juvenile-sentencing prejudice trial-strategy Whether trial counsel's failure to investigate and execute the defense trial strategy results in prejudice?
19-8771 Michael A. Risenhoover v. William Muniz, Warden Ninth Circuit 2020-06-22 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP 28-years-to-life criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder first-time-offender judicial-discretion murder prior-criminal-history proportionality public-message sentencing sentencing-guidelines Does sentencing a first-time offender who has no prior criminal history to 28 years to life send a dangerous message to the public and future offender…
19-8727 Felton Ladell Humphries, Jr. v. S. Sherman, Warden Ninth Circuit 2020-06-17 Denied Response WaivedIFP certificate-of-appealability constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder jury-instruction self-defense voluntary-manslaughter Whether the petitioner was entitled to a jury instruction on his theory of defense and the requested jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter and im…
19-8304 Timothy J. McVay v. Illinois Illinois 2020-04-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP actus-reus burden-of-proof civil-rights constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder mens-rea presumption-of-innocence Whether a bench trial conviction of first degree murder can be upheld without evidence
19-7973 Quincy Chisolm v. Maryland Maryland 2020-03-12 Denied IFP appeal civil-rights conspiracy conviction criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder judicial-discretion mitigating-circumstances murder sentencing trial-court-error Did the trial Court err in failing to set aside the verdict that a Conviction can the Court of Criminal Appeals to murder?
19-7879 Luis D. Rivera-Carrasquillo, et al. v. United States First Circuit 2020-03-05 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-1959 18-usc-924 categorical-approach crime-of-violence first-degree-murder penal-code plain-error puerto-rico-penal-code racketeering sentencing-enhancement violent-crimes-in-aid-of-racketeering Is first degree murder under the 2004 Puerto Rico Penal Code a 'crime of violence' for the purpose of 18 U.S.C. § 924(j)?
19-7835 Miguel Rodriguez v. United States Seventh Circuit 2020-03-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP actual-innocence aedpa aedpa-authorization constitutional-law constitutional-suspension due-process first-degree-murder habeas-corpus preponderance-of-evidence preponderance-of-the-evidence sentencing Whether the Eleventh Circuit's decision in McCarthan v. Dir. Goodwill Indus. Suncoast-Inc, 851 F.3d 1076 (11th Cir. 2017), is in violation of the Unit…
19-7167 Harshadkumar Nanjibhai Jadav v. Virginia Virginia 2020-01-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP appellate-review circumstantial-evidence criminal-procedure evidence-sufficiency first-degree-murder identity-of-defendant identity-of-perpetrator jury-instructions possession-of-weapon premeditation sufficiency-of-evidence Whether the Court of Appeals of Virginia unreasonably affirmed the Petitioner's conviction on the charge of First-Degree Murder
19-605 Arizona v. Philip John Martin Arizona 2019-11-12 Denied Amici (1)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) appeal criminal-appeal double-jeopardy first-degree-murder greater-offense hung-jury hung-jury-rule jury-instructions jury-verdict lesser-offense richardson-v-united-states second-degree-murder When a jury expressly states it is 'unable to agree' on a defendant's guilt for a greater offense and convicts the defendant of a lesser offense, and …
19-6029 Frank Jeffs v. Michael Overmyer, Superintendent, State Correctional Institution at Forest, et al. Pennsylvania 2019-09-23 Denied Response WaivedIFP constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder habeas-corpus jurisdiction premeditated-murder prosecutorial-misconduct self-defense sentencing sentencing-order Whether the Pennsylvania Supreme Court was required to vacate and set aside the judgment and discharge the prisoner when the Commonwealth refused to f…
19-5301 Aaron Orlando Richards v. Louisiana Louisiana 2019-07-25 GVR Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3)IFP constitutional-interpretation criminal-procedure double-jeopardy due-process equal-protection first-degree-murder jury-trial jury-unanimity jury-verdict legislative-amendment non-unanimous-verdict prosecutorial-discretion unanimous-verdict Did the appellate court err in its interpretation of Apodaca and Bertrand?
18-9252 Kevin Foster v. Florida Florida 2019-05-15 Denied IFP capital-murder capital-punishment death-penalty death-sentence due-process eighth-amendment first-degree-murder jury-findings jury-unanimity reasonable-doubt unanimous-verdict Whether Mr. Foster's death sentence is unconstitutional because it violates the Eighth Amendment and the Due Process Clause
18-8371 Martin E. Grant v. Michigan Michigan 2019-03-11 Denied Response WaivedIFP 6th-amendment due-process effective-assistance-of-counsel equal-protection first-degree-murder life-imprisonment motion-for-relief-from-judgment plea-bargaining sixth-amendment Whether Petitioner has been denied the effective assistance of counsel guaranteed by the 6th Amendment to the United States Constitution, during the p…
18-8312 Dayomashell David Aguilar v. William Gittere, Warden, et al. Ninth Circuit 2019-03-06 Denied Response WaivedIFP aiding-and-abetting conspiracy criminal-procedure first-degree-murder jury-instructions mens-rea miscarriage-of-justice Whether the Ninth Circuit erred in denying a certificate of appealability on Aguilar's claim that the jury instructions relieved the State of the burd…
18-7192 Lavell Phillips v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2018-12-28 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act attempted-first-degree-murder attempted-murder attempted-use-of-force criminal-statute elements-clause first-degree-murder physical-force procedural-background sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation violent-felony Where a completed offense satisfies the ACCA's elements clause, does the attempted commission of that offense necessarily do so as well?
18-6956 Jason Dirk Walton v. Florida, et al. Florida 2018-12-07 Denied IFP capital-murder criminal-law due-process eighth-amendment first-degree-murder jury-unanimity resentencing retrospective-application retrospective-law sentencing-elements substantive-criminal-law When changes in a state's substantive criminal law apply retrospectively to cases involving homicides committed in 1981 and 1982, but not to cases inv…
18-6805 Jose Rodriguez v. Daniel Paramo, Warden Ninth Circuit 2018-11-26 Denied IFP abuse-of-discretion constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process federal-question first-degree-murder ineffective-assistance ineffective-assistance-of-counsel insufficient-evidence jury-instructions penal-code-187a principal reasonable-doubt Whether the petitioner's conviction for first-degree murder lacked sufficient evidence to support the verdict
18-6635 Eddie Hampton v. California California 2018-11-08 Denied IFP criminal-procedure criminal-procedure-error felony-murder first-degree-murder jury-instruction jury-instructions murder natural-and-probable-consequence natural-probable-consequence prejudice-standard premeditated-murder standard-of-prejudice Where she jury was erroneously instrycted on (a) Murder as a natural and presbable consequence per peopie vs chiu 39 cal 4th $35 172 cad Rotr 3d 438 3…
18-5865 Gary L. Pennington v. Michael Clark, Superintendent, State Correctional Institution at Albion, et al. Pennsylvania 2018-09-04 Denied Response WaivedIFP capital-offense constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process first-degree-murder fourteenth-amendment state-law substantive-due-process Whether petitioner's conviction of first degree murder violated the constitutionally protected state-created liberty interest guaranteed under the Fou…
18-192 J. B. R. v. United States Fifth Circuit 2018-08-14 Denied age-of-criminal-responsibility constitutional-limits constitutional-punishment criminal-prosecution death-penalty due-process first-degree-murder juvenile-justice juvenile-offender juvenile-offenders life-imprisonment prosecutorial-discretion statutory-interpretation statutory-punishment Whether the Due Process Clause forbids the Government from prosecuting an individual who was a juvenile at the time of the crime under a statute that …