Whether an admittedly pretextual traffic stop based on reasonable suspicion, rather than probable cause, violates the Fourth Amendment

QUESTION PRESENTED In the context of pretextual traffic stops, this Court has held that, although the Fourth Amendment requires courts to “weigh the governmental and individual interests implicated,” “the result of that balancing is not in doubt where the search or seizure is based upon probable cause.” Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 817 (1996) The question presented is whether an admittedly pretextual traffic stop by law enforcement violates the Fourth Amendment when it is based not on probable cause, but only on reasonable suspicion of a crime. i