Whether the Ninth Circuit erred in creating a bright-line rule permitting police to lengthen a traffic stop by inquiring about a driver's parole or probation status at the outset of a stop

Question Presented A traffic stop is a warrantless Fourth Amendment seizure of all the occupants of the car. Like other temporary detentions of individuals, “the tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic-stop context is determined by the seizure’s ‘mission.” Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348, 354 (2015). Police tasks that lack a “close connection to roadway safety” detour from the seizure’s mission, as “do safety precautions taken to facilitate such detours.” Id. at 356. When measurably lengthening the detention, such offmission tasks violate the Fourth Amendment, unless independently supported by reasonable suspicion. Id. at 356-58. The question presented is whether the Ninth Circuit erred when it created a bright-line rule permitting police to lengthen a seizure by inquiring whether a driver is on parole or probation at the outset of a traffic stop for driving offenses. F Statement of