I. In Taylor v. United States, this Court announced a categorical approach to recidivism enhancements in federal sentencing. See 495 U.S. 575, 602 (1990). The basic analysis requires an elements-to-elements comparison between a defendant's prior convictions and the generic offense or offenses singled out for special treatment by a sentencing statute or the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual. Since the test focuses on substance, not labels, "minor variations in terminology" cannot overcome actual correspondence between elements. See id. at 599.

Here, the Fifth Circuit relied on Taylor's minor-variation-in-terminology language to declare irrelevant a substantive difference between Arkansas robbery and the new Hobbs Act inspired "robbery" definition from the Guidelines. The Arkansas robbery statute defines the offense to include post-taking assaults that help a would-be thief "resist[] apprehension." ARK. CODE ANN. § 5-12-102(a). The same after-the-fact injury would be insufficient to prove a taking "by means of" force as required by the Hobbs Act and the Guidelines. To date, no other Court of Appeals has misapplied Taylor's minor-variation-in-terminology caveat to paper over a substantive mismatch between corresponding elements reaching different types of conduct.

The question presented is this: did the Fifth Circuit misapply the categorical approach by dismissing an elemental mismatch as a mere variation in terminology?

Whether the Fifth Circuit misapplied the categorical approach established in Taylor v. United States by dismissing a substantive elemental mismatch between Arkansas robbery and the Hobbs Act robbery as a mere variation in terminology in federal sentencing enhancements