individual-rights
62 cases — ← All topics
| Case | Title | Lower Court | Docketed | Status | Flags | Tags | Question Presented |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25-6729 | Antwaun O. Heaggeans v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2026-02-05 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-6652 | Jarmarl Thornton v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2026-01-22 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-6606 | Robert Paul Rosell, Jr. v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2026-01-16 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-843 | Disability Rights New York v. New York State Department of Health, et al. | Second Circuit | 2026-01-15 | Denied | Response Waived | article-iii-standing disability-rights federal-jurisdiction individual-rights protection-and-advocacy statutory-interpretation | Whether DRNY, as a Protection & Advocacy System authorized by Congress to bring lawsuits in its own name on behalf of individuals with disabilities pu… |
| 25-6189 | Javonte Williams v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-11-20 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-6107 | Davon Amos Johnson v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-11-13 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (3)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-6064 | Marcus Gerrod Stokes v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-11-07 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (3)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5976 | Henry Leon Marrow, Jr. v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-10-28 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (4)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5952 | Theo M. Owens v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-10-24 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (4)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25A382 | United States v. Erik Matthew Harris | Third Circuit | 2025-10-02 | Presumed Complete | as-applied-challenge drug-users firearms-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Question not identified. | |
| 25-5668 | Matthew Chambliss Coleman v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-17 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (6)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5667 | Antonio Deante Town v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-17 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (6)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5655 | Walter Lavelle Allen v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-16 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (6)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5657 | Pierre Demetrius Redd v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-16 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5658 | Devontae Lamont Royal v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-16 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (6)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5627 | Lennie Edward Coles, Jr. v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-12 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (6)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5624 | Nathaniel J. Brown v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-12 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (6)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5614 | Franklin Jerome Coleman, Jr. v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-11 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (6)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5603 | Germaine Edward Campbell, Jr. v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-10 | Denied | Relisted (3)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5601 | John Edward Mason, III v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-10 | Denied | Relisted (3)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5599 | Raymond Lamont Seward v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-10 | Denied | Relisted (3)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5597 | Joseph Carroll Bush, III v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-09-10 | Denied | Relisted (3)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5503 | Bobby Nathaniel Scott v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-28 | Denied | Relisted (4)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5433 | Jon Jesse Terry v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-22 | Denied | Relisted (5)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5434 | Christian Lamont Thompson v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-22 | Denied | Relisted (8)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5437 | Sequan Anthony Fowler v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-22 | Denied | Relisted (5)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5438 | Tamonte Finney v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-22 | Denied | Relisted (5)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5439 | Naim Greene v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-22 | Denied | Relisted (5)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5441 | Azontay Malik Perry v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-22 | Denied | Relisted (5)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5443 | Donovan L. Crews v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-22 | Denied | Relisted (5)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5424 | Kiyel Tyquello Kearney v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-21 | Denied | Relisted (5)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5417 | Shalik Rasheem Mitchell v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-20 | Denied | Relisted (5)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 25-5382 | Meleke Osborne v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-15 | Denied | Relisted (6)IFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a ny felony violates the Second Amendme… |
| 25-5301 | Mario Leequan Thorne v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-08-07 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 24-7334 | Brandon Rashaad Hill v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2025-05-30 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | constitutional-challenge felony-conviction firearm-possession individual-rights second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)'s lifetime ban on firearm possession for all individuals previously convicted of a felony violates the Second Amendment,… |
| 24-7264 | Michael Lee Sharpe v. Texas | Texas | 2025-05-21 | Denied | IFP | constitutional-interpretation felony-conviction firearms-possession individual-rights right-to-bear-arms second-amendment | Whether the Second Amendment guarantees an individual who has been convicted of a felony offense the unencumbered right to possess firearms, or on a c… |
| 24A265 | Jeremy Ray Morris, et ux. v. West Hayden Estates First Addition Homeowners Association, Inc., an Idaho Corporation | Ninth Circuit | 2024-09-13 | Presumed Complete | homeowners-association individual-rights ninth-circuit property-rights property-use restrictions | Whether a trial court judge may, under Rule 50(b), overturn a unanimous jury verdict by making credibility determinations and weighing evidence, parti… | |
| 23-7655 | In Re Jovon Montell Hollowell | 2024-06-06 | Denied | Relisted (2)IFP | civil-rights constitutional-interpretation due-process federal-courts government-powers individual-rights jurisdiction legal-precedent standing tribal-jurisdiction tribal-sovereignty | 1: Can a non-Article VI covet proceed without the consent of the occus wl? 2: Are the Courts allowed to overrule the Constitution? 3: Are the Courts… | |
| 23-7455 | Britt Jarriel Hammons v. United States | Tenth Circuit | 2024-05-10 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | 2nd-amendment circuit-court-conflict civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-interpretation due-process federal-statute-922g1 gun-possession-rights individual-rights second-amendment standing treason | How can the tenth circuit have a ruling on the same subject matter as the Supreme Court & other circuits courts & has a ruling that is in conflict wit… |
| 23-7318 | Michael P. Crenshaw v. Illinois | Illinois | 2024-04-26 | Denied | IFP | civil-rights constitutional-interpretation cruel-and-unusual-punishment death-penalty due-process equal-protection executive-power individual-rights intellectual-disability judicial-review separation-of-powers state-sovereignty | Question not identified. |
| 23-7201 | Wayne Phillip Vance v. Glen Engstrom, et al. | Second Circuit | 2024-04-11 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | civil-rights community-welfare compensation due-process government-action individual-rights liberty property standing takings | 1. Does THE U.S GOVERNMENT HAVE TRE RIGHT TO PLACE CITIZENS ANDO OTHER PEOPLE IN HELLISH GIRCUOMSTANCES OR CONDITIONS WITHOUT NO REGARDS FOROURWEALTH,… |
| 23A682 | Arthur Lopez v. Court of Appeal of California, Fourth Appellate District, Division Three, et al. | California | 2024-01-24 | Presumed Complete | constitutional-interpretation individual-rights judicial-review legal-standing procedural-due-process statutory-interpretation | Question not identified. | |
| 23-5360 | Gregory Lynn McCoy v. United States | Eighth Circuit | 2023-08-15 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | 2nd-amendment constitutional-interpretation felon-in-possession firearm-regulation historical-tradition individual-rights lifetime-ban second-amendment statutory-interpretation | Whether the felon-in-possession of a firearm statute, which did not exist in 1791, and which applies to all felonies and provides for a life-time ban,… |
| 23-5263 | Steven Dewayne Wilson v. United States | Fifth Circuit | 2023-08-01 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | 2nd-amendment civil-rights constitutional-challenge due-process felon-in-possession felons gun-rights individual-rights second-amendment standing statutory-interpretation | Whether 18 Unites States Code section 922(g)(1) is unconstitutional on its face because it infringes on a felon's individual right to keep and bear ar… |
| 23-5001 | Emmanuel Antione Hemphill v. United States | Fifth Circuit | 2023-06-30 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-interpretation due-process free-speech individual-rights judicial-review legal-procedure standing state-law statutory-interpretation takings | 1) bu Ute UaU. SW& um/ tftro Dwwft wnin. ix Wiib* ^ ocsui -nu. CkMM C.V wwX.'&a'l. 2) Oui ■"%& iWiWA CJBIXOiV C^ AtfA.\C,\C\L Miio^A nb&r-^ Uwi/ Df… |
| 22-7714 | George M. Lecco v. United States | Fourth Circuit | 2023-06-05 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | civil-rights constitutional-rights criminal-law district-court federal-courts federal-jurisdiction first-step-act individual-rights state-sovereignty | 1. for fedeval priseners, did thi First step Act of 2o1 open the door to Challenge the jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the sntercing Court and… |
| 22-1009 | Barbara Kolkowski v. Ashtabula Area Teacher's Association, et al. | Ohio | 2023-04-17 | Denied | Response Waived | civil-rights collective-bargaining due-process fourteenth-amendment free-speech grievance-process individual-rights labor-law liberty-interest public-employment statutory-interpretation | Ohio has a public employee statutory scheme for collective bargaining. In this statutory scheme, the Ohio Legislature took care to create an individua… |
| 22-6367 | Randall Bernard Allen v. County of Los Angeles, California, et al | Ninth Circuit | 2022-12-21 | Denied | IFP | administrative-law civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process government-action individual-rights rule-of-law standing takings | Where government, state and city administrations are regulators, can The Rule of Law, and U.S.Constitutional rights be abandoned for those administrat… |
| 22-543 | Altagracia Sanchez, et al. v. District of Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Education, et al. | District of Columbia | 2022-12-14 | Denied | Amici (2)Response Waived | administrative-agency administrative-law due-process economic-liberty individual-rights judicial-deference nondelegation-doctrine occupational-licensing regulatory-authority | A District of Columbia administrative agency promulgated regulations requiring day-care providers to obtain a college degree (on top of existing, exte… |
| 22-5222 | Travis Lee Combs v. Washington | Washington | 2022-07-29 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | appellate-procedure civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-interpretation due-process individual-rights judicial-review legal-standard patent standing takings | Question not identified. |
| 22-71 | Jerald Hammann v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. | Minnesota | 2022-07-26 | Denied | Response Waived | appeal-prematurity civil-procedure constitutional-rights court-findings due-process individual-rights judicial-procedure judicial-procedures legal-review procedural-error standing | The first question presented is whether a lower court erred in correctly finding appeal premature, but then attempting to make findings relative to th… |
| 21-6895 | Marshaun Boykin v. Illinois | Illinois | 2022-01-18 | Denied | IFP | 6th-amendment constitutional-interpretation discovery-violation double-jeopardy due-process effective-assistance-of-counsel individual-rights judicial-review legal-standing lineup-identification statutory-construction | Whether a sworn and verified criminal complaint can be commenced under Illinois law (Ill. Rev. Stat. ch. 38, Para. 109-3(C)) without violating the Fou… |
| 21-6263 | Gary Aaron Coble v. David Anderson, Warden | Fourth Circuit | 2021-11-15 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | 5th-amendment civil-rights constitutional-interpretation double-jeopardy due-process equal-protection individual-rights judicial-review self-incrimination supreme-court-jurisdiction takings | Question not identified. |
| 21-5922 | Edwin Oland Andrus v. United States | Fifth Circuit | 2021-10-07 | Denied | Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP | certiorari-petition civil-rights constitutional-interpretation constitutional-law criminal-procedure due-process individual-rights judicial-review statutory-construction statutory-interpretation | 1. Should this Court grant writ of Certiorari addressing constitutional issues, correcting a miscarriage of justice that occurred when lower Court unc… |
| 20-7714 | Dario Reyes-Torres v. United States | Fifth Circuit | 2021-04-13 | Denied | IFP | civil-rights constitutional-interpretation due-process immigration individual-rights right-to-bear-arms second-amendment self-defense standing undocumented-immigrants | Whether resident undocumented immigrants are part of the people whose right to keep and bear arms for individual self defense the second amendment pro… |
| 20-6579 | Aimee O'Neil v. Weld County, Colorado | Tenth Circuit | 2020-12-09 | Denied | IFP | appeals civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process equal-protection individual-rights judicial-procedure legal-representation liberty-interest procedural-protection standing | Did AHornty Andrew Poland provide adequate representation 2. Did Weld County Provide fair procedure and equal protection in the courts? 3. Did Count… |
| 19-8113 | Johnny R. Andoe v. Joe Biden, et al. | Ninth Circuit | 2020-03-27 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | 2nd-amendment civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process firearms government-restrictions individual-rights natural-born-citizens personal-liberty second-amendment voting-rights | Na-ior^l kofr^ USt perjo^S /°W ' TR£ fifOflp''on J (*•) - /- 7 C, r. 7-CnS . (a) £5 ,V ior>i l/A ptrbonS 1Con$V,iui; dr\cc( to <//J (V,'A?/'o«/f &e.tu… |
| 19-6873 | Anthony Dale Carter v. Florida | Florida | 2019-12-05 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | abuse-of-discretion civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-interpretation constitutional-rights due-process federal-rights individual-rights judicial-review standing state-court supreme-court-precedent | 1. Is i a epe heaen d oton ai Or whole on the Court's failure to rule withinm a neasonable time? Constitutonal rigpt to Due Procss and Acess To Courts… |
| 19-6436 | Bharanidharan Padmanabhan v. Drug Enforcement Administration | District of Columbia | 2019-10-29 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | 10th-amendment administrative-law agency-deference controlled-substances controlled-substances-act due-process federal-agencies individual-rights liberty-interest property-interest state-authority state-law tenth-amendment | The DEA relied exclusively on an internal agency precedent to declare that because private market actors on the Massachusetts medical board suspended … |
| 19-370 | Samuel D. Silva-Ramirez v. Hospital Espanol Auxilio Mutuo de Puerto Rico, Inc., et al. | Puerto Rico | 2019-09-19 | Denied | Relisted (2) | 14th-amendment civil-rights constitutional-jurisdiction constitutional-law due-process federal-government individual-rights puerto-rico religious-freedom state-sovereignty | I - Is Puerto Rico and its people under the juris diction of The United States of America Constitution and under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Am… |
| 18-766 | Teresa Bierman, et al. v. Tim Walz, Governor of Minnesota, et al. | Eighth Circuit | 2018-12-17 | Denied | Amici (8)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) | exclusive-representation expressive-association first-amendment government-speech heightened-scrutiny individual-rights mandatory-expressive-association mandatory-representation public-employees rational-basis | The State of Minnesota compels individuals who are not public employees, namely individual Medicaid providers, to accept an exclusive representative f… |
| 18-6283 | Brent Douglas Cole v. United States | Ninth Circuit | 2018-10-10 | Denied | Response WaivedIFP | constitutional-safeguards fifth-amendment grand-jury individual-rights liberty prosecutorial-interference prosecutorial-misconduct separation-of-powers structural-error structural-protections | Whether the indictment in this case should have been dismissed because the structural protections of the grand jury designed to safeguard individual r… |