| 25-632 |
Laurence Bonday v. Nalco Company LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company |
Eleventh Circuit |
2025-12-03 |
Pending |
Response RequestedResponse Waived |
arbitral-pleadings arbitration deference federal-law judicial-review statutory-interpretation |
Under 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4), may a court independently, and without deference to the arbitrator's determination, decide what claims are presented in a p… |
| 24-138 |
Hospital Menonita de Guayama, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board |
District of Columbia |
2024-08-07 |
GVR |
|
bargaining-unit deference labor-relations labor-relations-act majority-status nlrb nlrb-deference successor-employer union-certification union-recognition |
1. Whether the National Labor Relations Act establishes a bar on a successor employer from challenging the continued support for a previously certifie… |
| 24-61 |
Michael Cloud v. The Bert Bell/Pete Rozelle NFL Player Retirement Plan |
Fifth Circuit |
2024-07-19 |
Denied |
Amici (3)Response Waived |
circuit-split civil-rights de-novo-review deference deferential-standard due-process erisa plan-administrator procedural-violation procedural-violations standard-of-review |
In Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, the Court set forth the standard of review for denials of benefits provided by employers under the Employment… |
| 23-7522 |
Gonzalo Rodriguez v. United States |
Tenth Circuit |
2024-05-21 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
administrative-law circuit-split deference judicial-deference kisor-doctrine kisor-v-wilkie sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation united-states-sentencing-commission |
Whether the administrative law principles articulated in Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 (2019), limit the deference owed to the United States Senten… |
| 23-1224 |
Laila N. Hirjee v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2024-05-21 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
appellate-deference appellate-review deference evidentiary-standard inferences jury-verdict medical-decision prosecutorial-discretion standard-of-review weak-evidence weak-inference |
I. What level of deference from an appellate court is appropriate to a jury's verdict, when the verdict is based entirely on weak inferences to be dra… |
| 23-7513 |
Russell Foreman v. United States |
Tenth Circuit |
2024-05-20 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
administrative-law agency-interpretation circuit-split deference judicial-deference kisor-v-wilkie sentencing-commission sentencing-guidelines statutory-construction united-states-sentencing-commission |
Whether the administrative law principles articulated in Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 (2019), limit the deference owed to the United States Senten… |
| 23-7449 |
Jacob VanDyke v. United States |
Eleventh Circuit |
2024-05-10 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
administrative-law Auer-v-Robbins Chevron chevron-deference child-pornography commentary deference guideline-commentary judicial-review sentencing-guidelines |
Whether the 1 to 75 ratio for videos found in the commentary to U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 is entitled to deference under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resou… |
| 23-7107 |
Brock Melancon v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2024-03-29 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review criminal-procedure criminal-sentencing deference judicial-deference kisor-v-wilkie sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation u.s.-sentencing-commission |
(1) Does this Court's decision in Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 (2019), govern the extent to which district courts may defer to the U.S. Sentencing… |
| 23-6757 |
Bryan Alan Kennert v. United States |
Sixth Circuit |
2024-02-15 |
Dismissed |
Response WaivedIFP |
actual-loss deference economic-offenses guideline-interpretation intended-loss judicial-deference loss-calculation sentencing-commission sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation |
This case involves the proper application of this Court's decision in Kisor v. Wilkie, 1389 S. Ct. 2400 (2019), in interpreting the United States Sent… |
| 23-6421 |
Remberto Rivera v. United States |
Eighth Circuit |
2024-01-05 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
administrative-law agency-guidance circuit-split deference judicial-deference sentencing sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation stinson-v-united-states supreme-court-precedent |
Whether this Court's decision in Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 (2019), now prescribes the amount of deference to be paid to the United States Sente… |
| 23-693 |
Yi-Chi Shih, aka Yugi Shi, aka Yichi Shih v. United States |
Ninth Circuit |
2023-12-27 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
administrative-law agency-interpretation criminal-law criminal-procedure deference export-controls regulatory-interpretation skidmore-deference technical-regulations |
The question presented is whether district courts may, under Skidmore, give deference to an agency's interpretation of its own technical regulations w… |
| 23-6195 |
Lonzell J. Threats v. Barbara von Blanckensee, Warden |
Ninth Circuit |
2023-12-07 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
28-usc-2241 civil-procedure deference deference-standard habeas-corpus judicial-review legal-review military-court military-courts mixed-questions questions-of-law |
Must a court reviewing a 28 U.S.C. § 2241 habeas corpus petition challenging a military-court conviction extend absolute deference to the military cou… |
| 23-6157 |
Mario Alberto Netro-Perales v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2023-12-04 |
Denied |
IFP |
administrative-law circuit-split deference federal-courts federal-sentencing-guidelines judicial-deference kisor-v-wilkie sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation stinson-v-united-states |
1. The circuits have split over the extent of deference that is to be given to the commentaries to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines after the decisio… |
| 23-6150 |
Quindell Tyree Maloid v. United States |
Tenth Circuit |
2023-12-01 |
Denied |
IFP |
administrative-interpretation administrative-law deference judicial-deference kisor-v-wilkie sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation united-states-sentencing-commission |
Whether the administrative law principles articulated in Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 (2019), limit the deference owed to the United States Senten… |
| 23-577 |
Norfolk Southern Railway Company v. Surface Transportation Board, et al. |
District of Columbia |
2023-11-29 |
Denied |
|
administrative-law circuit-split court-of-appeals deference hobbs-act jurisdiction jurisdictional-question kisor-v-wilkie legal-background procedural-background statutory-provisions surface-transportation-board |
The Surface Transportation Board (STB or Board) is authorized by statute to exempt certain transactions involving rail carriers from the antitrust law… |
| 23-197 |
James Owens, et al. v. Turkiye Halk Bankasi A.S. |
Second Circuit |
2023-09-01 |
Denied |
Relisted (2) |
choice-of-forum co-plaintiff-composition court-jurisdiction deference foreign-co-plaintiffs forum-non-conveniens international-litigation terrorism terrorism-victims U.S.-resident-plaintiffs |
Whether the choice of a U.S. forum by U.S.-resident plaintiffs is entitled to "less deference" under the doctrine of forum non conveniens, rather than… |
| 22-1210 |
Colgate-Palmolive Company, et al. v. Rebecca McCutcheon, Individually and on Behalf of all Others Similarly Situated, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2023-06-14 |
Denied |
|
actuarial-assumptions benefit-determination circuit-split deference erisa erisa-plan-administrator-discretion extrinsic-evidence judicial-interpretation plan-administrator statutory-and-regulatory |
This Court has repeatedly held that when an
ERISA plan expressly confers upon the plan
administrator discretion to interpret its terms, that
interpret… |
| 22-7289 |
Terrick Bishoff v. United States |
First Circuit |
2023-04-14 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review application-notes circuit-court circuit-split criminal-intent deference firearms-trafficking gun-transfer sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation |
1. Whether the First Circuit erred in concluding that the enhancement for trafficking in firearms set out in U.S.S.G. §2K2.1(b)(5) applies to someone … |
| 22-789 |
Town of Southold, New York v. Rossana Rosado, New York State Secretary of State, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2023-02-21 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
administrative-procedure administrative-procedures-act burden-of-proof coastal-zone-management coastal-zone-management-act deference dredge-spoil-disposal environmental-policy environmental-protection federal-consistency national-environmental-policy standing |
The Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") designated a permanent dredge spoil disposal site at the edge of the Town of Southold's border, known as t… |
| 22-6655 |
Theodore Washington v. Ryan Thornell, Director, Arizona Department of Corrections, Rehabilitation and Reentry |
Ninth Circuit |
2023-01-30 |
Denied |
Amici (1)IFP |
criminal-procedure deference due-process fact-finding federal-court federal-habeas habeas habeas-corpus judicial-deference procedural-review state-court state-court-findings |
Must a federal habeas court defer to a state-court finding of fact that favors the defendant? |
| 22-392 |
Bel Air Auto Auction, Inc. v. Great Northern Insurance Company |
Fourth Circuit |
2022-10-26 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
abstention appellate-procedure certification circuit-split civil-procedure deference erie-doctrine federal-courts interlocutory-appeal judicial-deference state-courts state-law-certification |
Did the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit violate the principle of Erie v. Thompkins by denying Bel Air's motion to defer its ruli… |
| 22-120 |
Suntree Pharmacy, et al. v. Drug Enforcement Administration |
Eleventh Circuit |
2022-08-09 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
administrative-deference administrative-law controlled-substances dea dea-registration deference legitimate-medical-purpose medical-purpose prescription prescription-filling regulatory-interpretation |
Whether a pharmacy violates its corresponding responsibility under 21 C.F.R. § 1306.04(a) and knowingly fills a prescription for a controlled substanc… |
| 22-1 |
Lynn Brown, as Appointed Successor and Representative of Now Deceased Howard M. Berry v. Christine E. Wormuth, Secretary of the Army, et al. |
District of Columbia |
2022-06-30 |
Denied |
Amici (1)Response Waived |
administrative-procedure-act agency-review civil-procedure deference government-procedure judicial-review military military-deference standing statutory-interpretation |
Whether the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA") incorporates a presumption of "unusual deference" in all cases involving the military. |
| 21-1405 |
Lester J. Smith v. Timothy C. Ward, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Corrections |
Eleventh Circuit |
2022-05-06 |
Denied |
Amici (8) |
accommodation circuit-court-review circuit-split civil-rights deference penological-interests prison-policy prisoners-rights religious-freedom religious-liberty rluipa |
In Knight v. Thompson , the Eleventh Circuit concluded —on remand following Holt v. Hobbs , 574 U.S. 352 (2015) —that the Religious Land Use and Insti… |
| 21-1028 |
International Energy Ventures Management, L.L.C. v. United Energy Group, Ltd. |
Fifth Circuit |
2022-01-20 |
Denied |
Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3) |
appellate-review arbitration arbitration-waiver circuit-split civil-procedure clear-error-standard deference fact-finding federal-rules-of-civil-procedure litigation-conduct rule-52a standard-of-review |
The district court in this case found, as a factual matter, that Respondent did not suffer prejudice from Petitioner's failure to immediately press it… |
| 21-972 |
Thomas H. Buffington v. Denis R. McDonough, Secretary of Veterans Affairs |
Federal Circuit |
2022-01-06 |
Denied |
Amici (5)Relisted (12) |
administrative-law chevron-deference chevron-doctrine deference judicial-review pro-veteran-canon statutory-interpretation veterans-benefits |
1. Whether the Chevron doctrine permits courts to defer to VA's construction of a statute designed to benefit veterans, without first considering the … |
| 21-915 |
Hugh McKinney v. Christine Wormuth, Secretary of the Army |
District of Columbia |
2021-12-21 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
administrative-procedure-act agency-action arbitrary-and-capricious civilian-board deference judicial-review military-records standard-of-review |
Whether a civilian board's administrative decisions concerning the correction of military records pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(1) are properly revi… |
| 21-862 |
Samuel Hartman v. Dexter Payne, Director, Arkansas Division of Correction |
Eighth Circuit |
2021-12-10 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
§2254-litigation 28-usc-2254 circuit-split comity comity-doctrine deference federal-habeas procedural-default state-court-deference state-post-conviction |
1. Whether the majority of circuits are correct that comity prevents Federal courts in proceedings under 28 U.S.C. 2254 from overturning legal conclus… |
| 21-6295 |
Jmarreon Mack v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2021-11-16 |
Denied |
IFP |
administrative-law appellate-review attempt controlled-substance controlled-substance-offense deference fifth-circuit judicial-deference sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation |
Did the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals err when it deferred to the United States Sentencing Commission's use of commentary in its Guidelines Manual to… |
| 21-637 |
William Lee, Superintendent, Eastern Correctional Facility v. James Garlick |
Second Circuit |
2021-11-01 |
Denied |
|
autopsy-report confrontation-clause deference habeas-corpus harmless-error testimonial |
1. In granting habeas corpus relief to a state court prisoner, did the Second Circuit create a circuit split and deny the state court judgment the def… |
| 21-5186 |
Mihran Melkonyan v. United States |
Ninth Circuit |
2021-07-22 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
administrative-law auer-deference circuit-split deference federal-courts judicial-interpretation regulatory-interpretation sentencing sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation |
1.)
Whether, as the Courts of Appeals for the Third' and Sixth² Circuits have held, in
conflict with the decision below³ and decisions of the Fifth* a… |
| 20-8405 |
Robert Allen Vestal v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2021-06-23 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review criminal-procedure deference federal-courts judicial-discretion sentencing-factors sentencing-review standard-of-review substantive-reasonableness |
Whether substantive reasonableness review necessarily encompasses some degree of reweighing the sentencing factors? |
| 20-7409 |
Eduardo Pena-Garcia v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2021-03-11 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review criminal-procedure deference federal-courts judicial-discretion sentencing-factors sentencing-review standard-of-review substantive-reasonableness |
Whether substantive reasonableness review necessarily encompasses some degree of reweighing the sentencing factors? |
| 20-7387 |
Vaughn Lewis v. United States |
First Circuit |
2021-03-09 |
Denied |
Relisted (2)IFP |
agency-deference career-offender controlled-substance controlled-substance-offense deference inchoate-offenses sentencing-guidelines separation-of-powers statutory-interpretation |
When "controlled substance offense" is defined in the text of the Career Offender Guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b), whether the commentary can add consp… |
| 20-597 |
Wisdom Jeffery v. Nathan Brooks, Warden |
Eleventh Circuit |
2020-11-05 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
actual-innocence aedpa constitutional-error deference federal-courts habeas-corpus procedural-default |
Whether a state court's decision concerning a constitutional error, such as a claim of ineffective- should receive deference under AEDPA's 28 U.S.C. … |
| 20-6083 |
John Oliver Wooten v. Patrick Warren, Warden |
Sixth Circuit |
2020-10-20 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
deference factual-error federal-courts federal-review habeas-corpus habeas-review sixth-amendment sixth-circuit standard-of-review state-court state-courts |
Is a state court decision entitled to deference on federal habeas review if it is undisputed that the state court applied the wrong standard of review… |
| 20-468 |
Xpedite Systems, Inc. v. John J. Ficara, Acting Director, New Jersey Division of Taxation |
New Jersey |
2020-10-09 |
Denied |
Amici (1)Response Waived |
apportionment commerce-clause deference due-process due-process-clause interstate-commerce revenue-reapportionment state-taxation tax-apportionment |
This Court has long held that State taxation of interstate commerce is only permissible where, among other factors, the tax is fairly apportioned to t… |
| 20-5433 |
Gregory Wind v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2020-08-20 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-deference circuit-split deference district-court federal-courts-of-appeals federal-sentencing judicial-discretion sentencing sentencing-review standard-of-review substantive-reasonableness |
Did the district court impose a substantively unreasonable sentence upon Mr. Wind? |
| 19-7427 |
Rodolfo Perez-Jimenez v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2020-01-28 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review criminal-procedure deference due-process federal-sentencing judicial-discretion sentencing-factors sentencing-review standard-of-review substantive-reasonableness |
Whether substantive reasonableness review necessarily encompasses some degree of reweighing the sentencing factors? |
| 19-7188 |
John Jay Powers v. M. L. Stancil |
Tenth Circuit |
2020-01-08 |
Denied |
Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2)IFP |
18-usc-3584 18-usc-3584a administrative-deference administrative-law bureau-of-prisons criminal-procedure criminal-sentencing deference federal-bureau-of-prisons federal-courts federal-sentencing sentencing-interpretation statutory-ambiguity statutory-interpretation |
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN ANY OF THE CIRCUITS, THE TENTH CIRCUIT HELD THE LANGUAGE OF 18 U.S.C. 3584(a)'S PHRASE "AT THE SAME TIME" TO BE AMBIGUOUS. THE T… |
| 19-7103 |
Edward Merritt v. United States |
Eighth Circuit |
2019-12-30 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
administrative-law controlled-substance-offense criminal-law deference guideline-commentary inchoate-offenses judicial-deference sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation |
1. Is the definition of "controlled substance offense" in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b) genuinely ambiguous such that the guideline commentary can be used to re… |
| 19-6882 |
Zackary Ikaika Bryton Thompson v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2019-12-06 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review criminal-procedure deference due-process judicial-discretion sentencing-factors sentencing-review standard-of-review substantive-reasonableness |
Whether substantive reasonableness review necessarily encompasses some degree of reweighing the sentencing factors? |
| 19-6748 |
Steven A. Adams v. United States |
Seventh Circuit |
2019-11-26 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
aiding-and-abetting ambiguity attempt conspiracy controlled-substance controlled-substance-offense criminal-law deference deference-doctrine sentencing-enhancement sentencing-guidelines sentencing-guidelines-manual-4b1.2b statutory-interpretation |
1. Whether the term "controlled substance offense" defined by UNITED STATES SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 4B1.2(b) to mean "an offense under federal … |
| 19-6415 |
Jose Eleuterio Nava v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2019-10-29 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review criminal-procedure deference district-court due-process judicial-discretion sentencing-factors sentencing-review substantive-reasonableness |
Whether substantive reasonableness review necessarily encompasses some degree of reweighing the sentencing factors? |
| 19-5922 |
Pedro Munoz, aka Pedro Munoz Ruiz v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2019-09-12 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review criminal-procedure deference district-court federal-courts-of-appeals federal-sentencing judicial-discretion sentencing-factors sentencing-review standard-of-review substantive-reasonableness |
Whether substantive reasonableness review necessarily encompasses some degree of reweighing the sentencing factors? |
| 19-311 |
Al Cannon, Sheriff, Charleston County, South Carolina v. Broderick William Seay, Jr. |
Fourth Circuit |
2019-09-06 |
Denied |
Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (9) |
appellate-review deference double-jeopardy fact-finding federal-habeas manifest-necessity mistrial strict-scrutiny trial-court-deference trial-court-discretion |
I.
In review of a state decision under 28 U.S.C. § 2241,
when a federal appellate court must determine if
double jeopardy protection bars retrial afte… |
| 19-296 |
Damien Guedes, et al. v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, et al. |
District of Columbia |
2019-09-04 |
Denied |
Amici (7)Relisted (5) |
administrative-law chevron-deference criminal-law deference due-process judicial-review overrule rule-of-lenity statutory-interpretation waiver |
1. Whether Chevron deference, rather than the rule of lenity, takes precedence in the interpretation of statutory language defining an element of vari… |
| 19-5448 |
Antolin Torres Abonza v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2019-08-05 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review criminal-procedure criminal-sentencing deference due-process federal-courts judicial-discretion sentencing-factors sentencing-review standard-of-review substantive-reasonableness substantive-reasonableness-review |
Whether substantive reasonableness review necessarily encompasses some degree of reweighing the sentencing factors? |
| 19-5290 |
Ryan Keith Mason v. Lorie Davis, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Correctional Institutions Division |
Fifth Circuit |
2019-07-23 |
Denied |
IFP |
appellate-review attorney-performance credibility credibility-determination criminal-procedure deference deference-standard deference-to-trial-court evidence ineffective-assistance ineffective-assistance-of-counsel legal-sufficiency plea-bargaining plea-offer standard-of-review |
Where deference is the only issue singled out by a Court of Appeals as the only question as to debatability, and that specific deference goes directly… |
| 18-9635 |
Carlos Antonio Flores v. United States |
Fourth Circuit |
2019-06-12 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
adequate-deference co-defendant-sentences deference due-process just-punishment plea-agreement plea-bargaining sentencing sentencing-disparities substantive-reasonableness |
Is the Sentence Substantially unreasonable because if creates unwarranted Sentence Disparities for deterrence and in light of the fact that the Senten… |
| 18-1348 |
Orion Insurance Group, et al. v. Washington State Office of Minority & Women's Business Enterprises, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2019-04-26 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
arbitrary-and-capricious burden-shifting-test deference disadvantaged-business-enterprise discrimination-law federal-agency federal-agency-deference federal-program full-faith-and-credit minority-certification minority-group-membership state-agency state-agency-determination state-program vagueness |
1. Whether a federal agency determining whether
an individual is a member of a minority group for
purposes of inclusion in a federal program should gi… |
| 18-8165 |
Michael J. Galvan v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2019-02-27 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appellate-review criminal-procedure deference federal-courts judicial-discretion sentencing-factors sentencing-review standard-of-review substantive-reasonableness |
Whether substantive reasonableness review necessarily encompasses some degree of reweighing the sentencing factors? |
| 18-7703 |
Nathan Smith III v. Sherry Pennywell, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2019-02-01 |
Denied |
IFP |
2254(d)(2) cumulative-error de-novo-review deference due-process fact-finding fourteenth-amendment habeas-corpus habeas-corpus-review ineffective-assistance sixth-amendment standard-of-review unreasonable-determination |
1)
DID THE CCA SO STRETCH THE FACTS IN THIS CASE SO
UNREASONABLY THAT NO DEFERENCE COULD BE POSSIBLE
TO ITS INTERPETATION OF WHAT OCCURRED IN THE TACO… |
| 18-6979 |
Lewis Carnell Jackson v. United States |
Fourth Circuit |
2018-12-11 |
Denied |
IFP |
armed-career-criminal-act criminal-offense culpable-negligence deference federal-circuit-courts federal-courts mens-rea sentencing-enhancement state-law state-law-interpretation statutory-interpretation violent-felony |
Whether a criminal offense with a mens rea of "culpable negligence" qualifies as a "violent felony" under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 9… |
| 18-5275 |
Christopher Counts v. Eddie Wilson, Warden, et al. |
Tenth Circuit |
2018-07-19 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
constitutional-issues deference due-process due-process-clause ex-parte federal-court-deference judicial-order retroactive-application state-court-order summary-judgment |
1 Does Federal Courtdeferenceto an ex parte Judical Order, adapted from
the Respondents Consolidaded Motion For Summary Judgment, resul incluims
that … |