rule-60

63 cases — ← All topics

Case Title Lower Court Docketed Status Flags Tags Question Presented
25-876 Dan Giurca v. Montefiore Health System, Inc., et al. Second Circuit 2026-01-22 Pending Response Waived circuit-split discovery-misconduct fraud-on-court judicial-integrity rule-60 voluntary-dismissal Whether the Second Circuit's restrictive interpretation of 'fraud on the court' under Rule 60(d)(3) creates an untenable circuit split and contravenes…
25-792 Neil Binder v. Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC Third Circuit 2026-01-07 Pending Response Waived federal-rules-of-evidence judicial-review procedural-due-process rule-1006 rule-60 summary-evidence Whether a court may exclude a Federal Rule of Evidence 1006 summary derived entirely from records already admitted into evidence without reviewing it,…
25A762 Mark Mazza, et ux. v. Bank of New York Mellon Third Circuit 2025-12-31 Application due-process excusable-neglect notice-of-appeal pro-se property-rights rule-60 Whether the district court and appellate court improperly applied the excusable neglect standard under Rule 60(b) and Pioneer Investment Services, the…
25A197 Gregory Melvin Haynes v. City and County of San Francisco, California, et al. Ninth Circuit 2025-08-19 Presumed Complete civil-procedure disqualification fraud-on-court judgment-renewal judicial-bias rule-60 Whether a district court judge's alleged bias and a party's claim of fraud on the court warrant vacating a final judgment under Federal Rule of Civil …
25-5022 Shemica Taylor v. Circuit Court of Illinois, Cook County, et al. Seventh Circuit 2025-07-02 Denied IFP executive-immunity federal-statute judicial-immunity legal-standard prosecutorial-standard rule-60 Whether an officer of the Judicial branch must be subject to a different standard to determine entitlement to immunity from prosecution
24-1217 Kurt Kanam v. Doug Burgum, Secretary of the Interior, et al. District of Columbia 2025-05-29 Denied Response Waived administrative-procedure agency-action federal-indian-law judicial-jurisdiction rule-60 tribal-recognition Whether the Rule 60 motion should be granted due to alleged lack of jurisdiction and agency misconduct in tribal recognition proceedings
24-6779 Daniel E. Hall v. X Corp., fka Twitter, Inc. First Circuit 2025-03-17 Dismissed Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP court-integrity fraud-upon-court judicial-procedure legal-remedy local-rule rule-60 How does the Supreme Court define and address instances of fraud upon the court, the required duty to apply Local Rule 83.1(a), the required procedure…
24-6438 Iran Dwayne Ketchup v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2025-01-31 Denied Response WaivedIFP criminal-procedure habeas-corpus ineffective-counsel judicial-injustice rule-60 section-2255 Whether Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 60 allows re-opening of 28 U.S.C. § 2255 proceedings based on claims of judicial injustice and potential…
24-808 Coney Island Auto Parts Unlimited, Inc. v. Jeanne Ann Burton, Chapter 7 Trustee for Vista-Pro Automotive, LLC Sixth Circuit 2025-01-30 Judgment Issued Relisted (2) circuit-split civil-procedure default-judgment personal-jurisdiction rule-60 void-judgment Whether Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(c)(1) imposes any time limit to set aside a void default judgment for lack of personal jurisdiction
24-5964 In Re Daniel E. Hall 2024-11-13 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP fraud-upon-court judicial-procedure local-rule-83.1 mandamus rule-60 writ-of-certiorari Whether the Supreme Court will address fraud upon the court, procedural requirements under Local Rule 83.1(a), voiding proceedings under Rule 60, and …
24-5860 Elliot Rivera v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2024-10-30 Denied Response WaivedIFP 11th-circuit civil-procedure due-process federal-rules fifth-amendment rule-60 Whether the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals erred in limiting Rule 60(d)(3) relief to civil matters and potentially violating due process rights
24A297 Ralph L. Hayes v. Fay Servicing, LLC Fourth Circuit 2024-09-26 Presumed Complete civil-procedure fraud-on-court mortgage-foreclosure mortgage-servicer pro-se-plaintiff rule-60 Whether a pro se plaintiff can challenge a foreclosure based on alleged fraud by a mortgage servicer and trustee under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure…
24A244 Richard Rynn v. First Transit Incorporated., et al. Ninth Circuit 2024-09-06 Presumed Complete appellate-procedure civil-procedure constitutional-rights pro-se rule-60 workplace-injunction Whether a pro se litigant can challenge a workplace injunction under Rule 60(b) based on alleged constitutional rights violations and procedural irreg…
24A136 In Re Dependency of M. R. Arizona 2024-08-06 Presumed Complete child-safety constitutional-rights fraud-allegations rule-60 service-of-process void-judgment Whether a state court's failure to enforce constitutional rights and alleged procedural irregularities constitute valid grounds for vacating prior jud…
24A69 Ricky Kamdem-Ouaffo v. Balchem Corporation, et al. Second Circuit 2024-07-22 Presumed Complete deposition-platform due-process employment-discrimination rule-37 rule-60 rule-72 Whether a district court violates a pro se plaintiff's due process rights when dismissing an employment discrimination case under Rule 37 without adju…
23-1308 Daniel Phillips, as Administrator of the Estate of Melvin L. Phillips, Sr. and as Successor Trustee of Melvin Phillips, Sr./Orchard Party Trust v. Oneida Indian Nation Second Circuit 2024-06-14 Denied Response Waived civil-rights equitable-defense federal-authority indian-law land-claim partition-agreement remand-for-discovery rule-60 state-ratification treaties treaty-interpretation tribal-sovereignty Effect-of-SCOTUS-ruling-on-Indian-and-non-Indian-titles
23-1147 Jahmir Christopher Frank v. Good Samaritan Hospital of Cincinnati, Ohio, et al. Sixth Circuit 2024-04-23 Denied civil-procedure equitable-powers federal-civil-rule-60(b)(6) medical-malpractice medical-records public-interest rule-60 sixth-circuit tort Should the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit have reversed the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio for f…
23-6620 Bruce A. Quarles v. Joseph Terra, Superintendent, State Correctional Institution at Phoenix, et al. Third Circuit 2024-01-30 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure constitutional-rights diligence-requirement due-process ex-post-facto federal-rules-of-civil-procedure rule-60 rule-60(d)(1) timely-filing Is an imposition of a diligence requirement upon a timely filed Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 60(d)(1) motion a violation of the rule?
23-6288 Carlos Velasquez v. Robert Baldock, et al. Tenth Circuit 2023-12-18 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP civil-rights court-procedure fed-r-civ-p-59 fed-r-civ-p-60(d) fraud-on-court fraud-on-the-court judicial-fraud judicial-immunity judicial-malpractice new-trial-timing rule-60 Will the Supreme Court of the United States reject Political-Fraud,fraud-and-false-statements-in-official-transactions,when-expressed-by-political-aut…
23-6239 Christopher Everson v. Angel Quiros, Commissioner, Connecticut Department of Correction, et al. Second Circuit 2023-12-12 Denied IFP appellate-procedure civil-procedure federal-rules-of-civil-procedure fraud fraud-on-court independent-action judicial-procedure mandate-rule rule-60 timing timing-limitations Is the filing of an independent action under FRCP 60(d)(1) for fraud on the court distinguishable from FRCP 60(b)(3) fraud?
22-7845 Daniel Coleman v. Minneapolis Public Schools Eighth Circuit 2023-06-22 Denied IFP civil-procedure excusable-neglect federal-rules federal-rules-of-civil-procedure inadvertence judicial-relief mistake mistake-of-law rule-60 summary-judgment surprise Whether Petitioner Daniel Coleman Rule 60 is timely under Federal rules of Procedure Rule 60?
22-7365 Gina Russomanno v. Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, et al. Federal Circuit 2023-04-25 Denied Relisted (2)IFP amendment-rights civil-procedure due-process federal-circuit frcp-rule-60 judicial-review patent phillips-v-county-of-allegheny pro-se rule-60 standing Whether the Supreme Court will consider the merits of the decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
22-7031 David Andrew Diehl v. United States Fifth Circuit 2023-03-16 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (4)IFP certificate-of-appealability civil-procedure federal-civil-procedure federal-rules-of-civil-procedure gonzales-v-crosby habeas-corpus merits-determination procedural-bar procedural-rulings rule-60 statute-of-limitations Should a Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b) and 60(d)(3) motion be reviewed de novo without a certificate of appealability?
22-825 James K. Collins v. D.R. Horton-Texas Limited Fifth Circuit 2023-03-01 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2) due-process federal-courts federal-procedure fourteenth-amendment personal-jurisdiction res-judicata rule-60 supremacy-clause takings Can a judgment of a court that lacked personal jurisdiction be the basis for taking property?
22-6657 Alex Anderson v. Donald J. Trump Eleventh Circuit 2023-01-30 Denied IFP civil-procedure collateral-attack due-process eleventh-circuit federal-jurisdiction final-judgment fraud-on-court judicial-review res-judicata rule-60 standing Whether the U.S. District Court erred in dismissing Appellant's claims based on the Rooker-Feldman doctrine
22-6296 Martin A. Lewis v. Gary Miniard, Warden Sixth Circuit 2022-12-14 Denied Response WaivedIFP castro-claim civil-procedure due-process exhaustion-doctrine federal-rule-civil-procedure-60 habeas-corpus ineffective-assistance rose-v-lundy rule-60 strickland-v-washington united-states-v-castro Whether Petitioner Lewis' habaas petition should be re-opened
22-6277 Paul E. Pavulak v. United States Third Circuit 2022-12-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP certificate-of-appealability fraud-on-court fraud-on-the-court habeas-corpus judicial-discretion procedural-bar rule-60 rule-60(d)(3) section-2255 successive-petition When a petitioner challenges a procedural bar in his 2255 which based on a fraud on the court, may a District Court Judge dismiss this motion as a Suc…
22-6219 Bruce Wood v. Robert May, Warden, et al. Third Circuit 2022-12-05 Dismissed Relisted (2)IFP actual-innocence certificate-of-appealability coa conflict-with-court-precedent due-process fundamental-miscarriage-of-justice habeas-corpus prosecutorial-misconduct rule-60 rule-60-motion When Petitioner's exculpatory evidence infers an innocent man is imprisoned
22-6177 Sanders McDaniel Carter v. Dexter Payne, Director, Arkansas Division of Correction Eighth Circuit 2022-11-30 Denied Response WaivedIFP aedpa brady-vs-maryland certificate-of-appealability federal-habeas-corpus habeas-corpus rule-60 Did the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit impose an improper and unduly burdensome Certificate of Appealability (COA) standard
22-6103 Serdar Tatar v. United States Third Circuit 2022-11-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-3582-c-1-a abuse-of-discretion actual-innocence brady-claims concepcion-v-united-states evidentiary-hearing judicial-error legal-standard motion-for-relief rule-60 rule-60-b Whether the district court's denial of Rule 60(b) motion was an abuse of discretion
21-7125 William F. Kaetz v. United States Third Circuit 2022-02-15 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP civil-procedure coram-nobis criminal-procedure fraud-on-court fraud-on-the-court judicial-error miscarriage-of-justice rule-60 writ-of-coram-nobis Whether a lower court has a duty and obligation to correct a miscarriage of justice caused by fraud on the court, regardless of a harmless error of mi…
21-681 Andy Altahawi v. Securities and Exchange Commission Second Circuit 2021-11-09 Denied Response Waived capital-gains-tax civil-procedure consent-judgment restitution rule-60 rule-60(b) sec second-circuit tax-implications Whether the Second Circuit erred when it upheld the district court's denial of Altahawi's motion pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5) and (6) to make …
21-390 Christopher Daniel Everson v. Theresa Lantz, et al. Second Circuit 2021-09-10 Denied Response Waived 12b6-motion civil-procedure federal-rules-of-civil-procedure-rule-12(b)(6) federal-rules-of-civil-procedure-rule-60(d)(1) frivolous-standard independent-action res-judicata rule-60 In what instances or circumstances, if any, is the doctrine of 'Res-judicata' conjoined with the 'frivolous-standard' of Federal-Rules-of-Civil-Proced…
20-8397 Louis A. Banks v. District of Columbia, et al. District of Columbia 2021-06-23 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP 5th-amendment civil-rights custodial-interrogation due-process edwards-violation fifth-amendment judicial-immunity law-enforcement rule-23 rule-60 Whether law enforcement violated Edwards v. Arizona by interrogating a minor who invoked the Fifth Amendment, and whether claims for declaratory and m…
20-8133 In Re Silas Wilson, Jr. 2021-05-25 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure de-novo-review due-process inadequate-hearing judicial-discretion mandamus misreading-of-motion pro-se rule-60 rule-60(b)(4) standard-of-review Whether this Court has jurisdiction to issue a writ of mandamus directed to the Court of appeals
20-8031 Major Hudson, III v. Rick Whitten, Warden Tenth Circuit 2021-05-14 Denied Relisted (2)IFP actual-innocence criminal-procedure due-process ineffective-assistance-of-counsel lesser-included-offense procedural-default rule-60 Whether a misdemeanor vs. felony distinction is an extraordinary circumstance under Rule 60(b)(6)
20-1538 Angela W. DeBose v. University of South Florida Board of Trustees, et al. Eleventh Circuit 2021-05-04 Denied bad-faith burden-of-proof civil-procedure independent-action judicial-fraud res-judicata rule-60 rule-60(b) rule-60(d) Whether a Rule 60(d) Independent Action to Attack a Final Judgment is a continuation or re-litigation of the prior case, barred by the doctrine of res…
20-7494 Kirk A. Simmons v. United States Third Circuit 2021-03-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP certificate-of-appealability civil-procedure constitutional-issue fraud-on-court fraud-on-the-court habeas-corpus jurisdiction legal-innocence rule-60 rule-60-motion standing Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it dismissed petitioner's Rule 60 motion, which asserted evidence falsification and Fraud on the Cour…
20-1146 Pamela Smith v. PacerMonitor, LLC, et al. Tenth Circuit 2021-02-22 Denied civil-procedure civil-rights civil-rights-act conspiracy deprivation-of-rights due-process emotional-distress res-judicata rule-60 standing Whether the process petitioner received in this case is sufficient to satisfy the substantive and procedural due process standard
20-7179 Nelson Viera v. Florida Department of Corrections Eleventh Circuit 2021-02-19 Denied IFP civil-procedure court-jurisdiction fraud fraud-upon-court judicial-discretion jurisdiction legal-interpretation miscarriage-of-justice procedural-review rule-60 supreme-court Whether the lower Courts are properly interpreting and implementing the Supreme Court decree about jurisdiction and fraud upon the Court under Rule 60…
20-7000 Felix Brown v. Keith Foley, Warden Sixth Circuit 2021-01-29 Dismissed Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP actual-innocence cause-and-prejudice constitutional-claim equity federal-civil-procedure habeas-corpus pro-se-petition procedural-default rule-60 Does the United States Supreme Court require a showing of actual innocence to pursue an independent action in equity under Fed. Civ. Proc. R. 60(d)(J)…
20-955 Delva Newhouse, Administratrix of the Estate of William Perry Newhouse, III v. Ethicon, Inc., et al. Fourth Circuit 2021-01-14 Denied Relisted (2) civil-rights due-process federal-law fraud-upon-court fraud-upon-the-court judicial-discretion medical-device product-liability rule-60 summary-judgment Did the U.S. District Court and U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals justices abuse their discretion, create manifest injustice, substantially err, pr…
20-6370 David Merritt v. Robert May, Warden, et al. Third Circuit 2020-11-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP certificate-of-appealability civil-rights due-process habeas-corpus ineffective-assistance ineffective-assistance-of-counsel martinez-rule procedural-default rule-60 substantial-claim wrongful-conviction Did the Third Circuit's denial of a Rule 60(b)(6) motion constitute clear error in declining to issue a certificate of appealability
20-6078 Delmart E. J. M. Vreeland, II v. David Zupan, Warden, et al. Tenth Circuit 2020-10-20 Denied IFP civil-procedure discovery discovery-violation due-process exhaustion fraud habeas-corpus ineffective-assistance miscarriage-of-justice rule-60 Should the judgment on habeas corpus be void for failure to adhere to due process requirements before entering judgment
20-487 Ho Wong Jeong v. Angel Cabrera, et al. Fourth Circuit 2020-10-14 Denied Response Waived civil-procedure district-court due-process judicial-discretion motion precedent pro-se rule-60 standing supreme-court-precedent Did the district court act contrary to SCOTUS precedents in denying appellant's pro se Rule 60(b)(3) motion on untimeliness without oral argument?
20-394 David Alan Schum v. Fortress Value Recovery Fund I, L.L.C., et al. Fifth Circuit 2020-09-25 Denied Response Waived civil-procedure federal-rules-of-civil-procedure fraud-on-court fraud-on-the-court judicial-precedent officers-of-the-court rule-60 stare-decisis time-bar Whether a claim brought under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 60(d)(3) as a result of fraud on the court can be time-barred
20-241 Jack Jordan v. Department of Labor District of Columbia 2020-08-28 Denied Response Waived administrative-procedure-act agency-action attorney-client-privilege circuit-court-review foia freedom-of-information-act judicial-review rule-60 summary-judgment Whether district court and circuit court review of agency action under FOIA must comport with the APA
19-1463 Sandra Jean Oliver v. James C. Oliver, Jr., et al. Mississippi 2020-07-07 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2) abuse-of-discretion chancery-court civil-procedure constitutional-rights due-process equal-protection jurisdiction recusal rule-60 standing void-judgment Whether four orders issued by the chancery court, when the court did not have jurisdiction over the Petitioners, should be held as void and vacated pu…
19-6853 Nhuong Van Nguyen v. Jackson Lucky, et al. Ninth Circuit 2019-12-04 Denied IFP civil-procedure court-judgment court-of-appeals due-process federal-rules-of-civil-procedure fraud fraud-upon-court fraud-upon-the-court judicial-misconduct legal-remedy motion-to-vacate rule-60 standing Whether the District Court and the court of Appeals correctly rejected petitioner's claim that the United States committed 'FRAUD UPON THE COURT?
19-6666 Christopher Thornton v. Patricia Anne Coyne-Fague, Director, Rhode Island Department of Corrections First Circuit 2019-11-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP 14th-amendment 5th-amendment civil-procedure constitutional-rights due-process federal-court filing-fees habeas-corpus return-of-fees rule-60 Does the filing of a State prisoner writ of habeas corpus prohibit the federal court from returning a filing fees?
19-6476 Charles Blunt v. Sherman Campbell, Warden Sixth Circuit 2019-11-01 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure due-process equitable-jurisdiction equity fraud fraud-allegations habeas-corpus pro-se-pleadings rule-60 standing Question not identified
19-379 Alfred Lam, et al. v. City and County of San Francisco, California, et al. Ninth Circuit 2019-09-20 Denied Response Waived civil-procedure civil-rights due-process exceptional-importance federal-rules-of-civil-procedure fraud-on-the-court fraud-upon-court judicial-misconduct ninth-circuit perjury public-employee rule-60 standing Whether the Ninth Circuit's decision imposes an erroneous and unjustifiable standard for 'Fraud Upon The Court'
19-5887 Arthur O. Armstrong v. John Doe Fourth Circuit 2019-09-10 Dismissed IFP civil-procedure civil-procedure-rule-60-b-6 conspiracy constitutional-rights disclosure-of-corporate-affiliation due-process fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment liberty probable-cause property rule-60 standing Whether Petitioner is entitled to relief, pursuant to Rule 60 (b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
19-5881 Arthur O. Armstrong v. Virginia, et al. Fourth Circuit 2019-09-10 Dismissed IFP 14th-amendment 4th-amendment civil-procedure civil-procedure-rule-60-b-6 constitutional-rights due-process fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment liberty property rule-60 Whether Petitioner is entitled to relief, pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or any relief
19-5886 Arthur O. Armstrong v. North Carolina, et al. Fourth Circuit 2019-09-10 Dismissed IFP civil-procedure civil-procedure-rule-60-b-6 conspiracy constitutional-rights due-process federal-rules-of-civil-procedure fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment liberty probable-cause property rule-60 Whether Petitioner is entitled to relief, pursuant to Rule 60 (b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
18-9537 Stephen S. Henry v. United States Fifth Circuit 2019-06-04 Denied Response WaivedIFP assistant-united-states-attorney due-process federal-district-court fifth-amendment fraud fraud-upon-court fraud-upon-the-court habeas habeas-corpus habeas-corpus-review rule-60 section-2254 section-2255 standard-of-review state-court-review whether-fraud-on-the-court-can-be-reviewed-in-a-§-2255-habeas-proceeding
18-9276 In Re Jesus Avila 2019-05-14 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure civil-rights due-process federal-rules federal-rules-of-civil-procedure judicial-procedure miscarriage-of-justice motion-recharacterization rule-60 rule-60(b)(6) standing statutory-interpretation Whether the re-characterization of Jesus Avila's properly filed Rule 60(b)(6) motion constitutes an impermissible miscarriage of justice
18-7236 Dwayne Stoutamire v. Christopher La Rose, Warden Sixth Circuit 2019-01-07 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP alternative-grounds appellate-review certificate-of-appealability civil-procedure clear-error-of-findings-of-fact district-court-discretion federal-civil-procedure federal-civil-rule-60(b) federal-civil-rule-60(d) federal-rules-of-civil-procedure findings-of-fact habeas-corpus rule-60 Do a Habeas Corpus petitioner need to obtain a Certificate of Appealability(COA) from the denial of a federal civil rule 60(b) and (d)?
18-7205 In Re Arthur O. Armstrong 2019-01-02 Dismissed Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure civil-procedure-rule-60 due-process fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment liberty liberty-interest property rule-60 standing Whether Petitioner is entitled to relief, pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
18-6585 Raymond Alfred Gagnon v. United States Fifth Circuit 2018-11-06 Denied Response WaivedIFP abuse-of-discretion certificate-of-appeal civil-rights clear-and-convincing-evidence due-process fraud-on-the-court gonzalez-v-crosby habeas habeas-corpus prosecutorial-fraud rule-60 rule-60-motion second-or-successive-habeas-petition standing Whether the Appellate Court properly resolved the District Court's abuse of discretion
18-435 LabMD, Inc. v. Tiversa, Inc. Eleventh Circuit 2018-10-05 Denied Response Waived civil-procedure federal-agency fraud-on-court fraud-on-the-court government-fraud hazel-atlas intentional-misrepresentation judicial-procedure mens-rea rule-60 rule-60(d)(3) standing wilful-blindness Whether a judgment obtained by fraud on a court must be set aside
18-5836 Ya'shua Amen Shekhem El-Bey v. United States, et al. District of Columbia 2018-08-30 Dismissed Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure district-court due-process federal-rules-of-civil-procedure fraud fraud-on-court fraud-on-the-court minute-order rule-60 rule-60-motion service-of-process standing Whether the district court denied Petitioner's rights to due process of law
18-5476 Abdul Hakiym Ismaiyl v. Fatimah D. Brown, et al. Sixth Circuit 2018-08-07 Denied IFP abuse-of-discretion civil-procedure civil-procedure-52 clearly-erroneous due-process fabricated-facts fact-finding judicial-discretion pleadings rule-12b6 rule-52 rule-60 Whether the fact-finding process under Fed. R. Civ. P. 52 permits a court to fabricate or use fabricated facts not found in the pleadings, altering th…