| 25A949 |
Kimberly Ann Polk v. Montgomery County Board of Education, et al. |
Fourth Circuit |
2026-02-25 |
Application |
|
first-amendment free-exercise free-speech gender-identity parental-notification pronoun-use |
Question not identified. |
| 25A810 |
Elizabeth Mirabelli, et al. v. Rob Bonta, Attorney General of California, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2026-01-13 |
Denied |
Amici (9) |
california-education free-exercise opt-out-policies parental-rights religious-liberty substantive-due-process |
Question not identified. |
| 25-802 |
Foothills Christian Ministries, et al. v. Kim Johnson, in Her Official Capacity as Director of the California Department of Social Services, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2026-01-07 |
Pending |
Amici (6)Response RequestedResponse Waived |
child-care-act compelled-speech first-amendment free-exercise religious-services zauderer-review |
Three churches in San Diego County, California, seek to open preschools on their campuses as extensions of their ministries. Under the Child Day Care … |
| 25-5869 |
Lance Shockley v. Richard Adams, Warden, et al. |
Eighth Circuit |
2025-10-13 |
Denied |
IFP |
death-penalty free-exercise missouri-law ramirez-precedent religious-rights spiritual-advisor |
1. Does the State of Missouri's decision to deny a condemned his choice of spiritual advisor solely on the basis of the individual's familial relation… |
| 25A322 |
We The Patriots USA, Inc., et al v. Ventura Unified School District, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2025-09-19 |
Denied |
|
fetal-cell-lines first-amendment free-exercise religious-exemption school-attendance vaccination-mandate |
1. Whether California Health and Safety Code violates Jane Doe's First Amendment right to direct her son's religious upbringing by excluding him from … |
| 25-5636 |
Gordon M. Mayhew v. Arizona |
Arizona |
2025-09-16 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
due-process first-amendment free-exercise probation-conditions rehabilitation religious-liberty |
1. Whether, consistent with the Free Exercise clause (App. B-l) and Due
Process (App. B-3, B-4) (Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments), a State may
compe… |
| 25-125 |
Kim Davis v. David Ermold, et al. |
Sixth Circuit |
2025-08-01 |
Denied |
Amici (4)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
constitutional-defenses emotional-distress first-amendment free-exercise government-official tort-liability |
(1) Whether the First Amendment Free Exercise
Clause provides an affirmative defense to tort liability
based solely on emotional distress damages with… |
| 25-122 |
David Alan Carmichael, et al. v. Marco Rubio, Secretary of State, et al. |
District of Columbia |
2025-07-31 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
damages-liability due-process free-exercise official-capacity religious-freedom right-to-travel |
Does the "appropriate relief ' of the Religious
Freedom Restoration Act allow for damages liability,
or nominal damages where other damages cannot b… |
| 24-1261 |
Cambridge Christian School, Inc. v. Florida High School Athletic Association, Inc. |
Eleventh Circuit |
2025-06-10 |
Denied |
Amici (24)Response RequestedRelisted (2) |
establishment-clause free-exercise free-speech government-speech religious-liberty santa-fe-doctrine |
When two Christian high schools made it to a championship football game organized by a state athletic association, they sought to use the stadium loud… |
| 24A621 |
Jason Orlando Rios v. Florida |
Florida |
2024-12-23 |
Presumed Complete |
|
execution-protocol first-amendment free-exercise prison-rights religious-accommodation spiritual-advisor |
Question not identified. |
| 24-6169 |
Deandre Johnson v. Chadwick Dotson, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections |
Fourth Circuit |
2024-12-18 |
Denied |
IFP |
civil-rights constitutional-claim first-amendment free-exercise prisoner-rights religious-accommodation |
If Reasonableness Submit Would And Beef Mae Iomenter. KAN WTERNIMLY WWLOSSTEA™ STATE Mrocequace BRA IS POKQUATE TO PrectvOeE FeRe AR WaGers Review .
… |
| 24A264 |
St. Isidore of Seville Catholic Virtual School v. Gentner Drummond, Attorney General of Oklahoma, ex rel. Oklahoma |
Oklahoma |
2024-09-13 |
Presumed Complete |
|
educational-funding first-amendment free-exercise religious-school school-choice state-funding |
Whether a private religious school that contracts with a state charter school board to participate in a state virtual charter school program is a "sta… |
| 24-221 |
Douglas Alan Dyson v. Whitley County Regional Water & Sewer District, et al. |
Indiana |
2024-08-29 |
Denied |
Response WaivedRelisted (2) |
constitutional-rights first-amendment free-exercise judicial-proceeding jurisdictional-authority summary-judgment |
1. Whether the trial court Judge Matthew Rentschler, (Judge Rentschler) violated the organic law and constitutional provisions to supplant his orders … |
| 24A110 |
Apache Stronghold v. United States, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2024-07-30 |
Presumed Complete |
|
free-exercise government-property native-american-rights religious-burden rfra sacred-site |
Whether the Ninth Circuit erred in holding that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act's plain meaning does not apply to a disposition of government re… |
| 24A94 |
Tamer Mahmoud, et al. v. Thomas W. Taylor, et al. |
Fourth Circuit |
2024-07-26 |
Presumed Complete |
|
accommodation constitutional-rights first-amendment free-exercise religious-liberty school-board |
Question not identified. |
| 24A90 |
Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany, et al. v. Adrienne A. Harris, Superintendent, New York Department of Financial Services, et al. |
New York |
2024-07-25 |
Presumed Complete |
|
abortion-coverage employment-regulation first-amendment free-exercise health-insurance religious-exemption |
Question not identified. |
| 24A64 |
Grace Bible Fellowship, et al. v. Jared Polis, Governor of Colorado, et al. |
Tenth Circuit |
2024-07-19 |
Presumed Complete |
|
covid-restrictions first-amendment free-exercise public-health religious-liberty state-action |
Question not identified. |
| 23-7785 |
Jared Pierce Sanchez v. Brown University, et al. |
First Circuit |
2024-06-24 |
Denied |
Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP |
academic-exclusion civil-rights covid-19-mandate equal-protection first-amendment fourteenth-amendment free-exercise public-hospitals religious-discrimination |
1) Whether the First Circuit Court of Appeals and the
District Court erred in dismissing Mr. Sanchez 's claims of
religious discrimination, harassment… |
| 23A1067 |
Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc., et al. v. Wisconsin Labor & Industry Review Commission, et al. |
Wisconsin |
2024-05-30 |
Presumed Complete |
|
first-amendment free-exercise ministerial-exception religious-exemption statutory-interpretation unemployment-compensation |
Question not identified. |
| 23-7574 |
Marcus Donte Middlebrook v. Kelly M. Wellman, et al. |
Sixth Circuit |
2024-05-29 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-rights deliberate-indifference due-process free-exercise judicial-discretion medical-needs rluipa summary-judgment |
DID THE US DISTRICT COURT JUDGE ABUSE ITS DISCRETION IN ADOPTING THE MAGISTRATE'S REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION, GRANTING THE DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMA… |
| 23-1101 |
Jacob N. Ferguson v. Robbin M. Owen |
District of Columbia |
2024-04-10 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
alternative-means d.c.-circuit free-exercise government-permit religious-exercise religious-freedom-restoration-act religious-question-of-law seat-of-government substantial-burden |
1. Whether religious exercise must be required, central, or important to a system of religious belief.
2. Whether the availability of alternative mea… |
| 23-915 |
Pleasant View Baptist Church, et al. v. Andrew Beshear |
Sixth Circuit |
2024-02-23 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
42-usc-1983 burden-of-proof civil-rights constitutional-rights covid-19-restrictions free-exercise free-exercise-clause qualified-immunity state-actor |
1. Whether qualified immunity applies to a state
actor who, despite multiple circuit court decisions
directing him not to burden religious activities … |
| 23-6429 |
Jan M. Gawlik v. Scott Semple, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2024-01-08 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
administrative-remedies due-process free-exercise free-exercise-clause mailbox-rule property-rights religious-exercise rluipa summary-judgment |
WHERE THE CONNECTICUT DISTRICT-COURT -FAILED TO UTILIZE THE,"MAILBOX RULE", WITHIN PLAINTIFFS TIMELY SUBMISSION OF HIS ADMINISTRATIVE RE-MEDIES/EXHAUS… |
| 23-643 |
We The Patriots USA, Inc., et al. v. Connecticut Office of Early Childhood Development, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2023-12-14 |
Denied |
Amici (2)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
civil-rights free-exercise generally-applicable legacy-exemptions neutral-and-generally-applicable neutral-law rational-basis religious-exemption smith-precedent smith-v-employment-division vaccination-mandate |
Concerned about falling vaccination rates in its schools, Connecticut repealed its 62-year-old religious exemption to its school vaccination requireme… |
| 23A481 |
Pleasant View Baptist Church, et al. v. Andrew Beshear |
Sixth Circuit |
2023-11-28 |
Presumed Complete |
|
covid-19-restrictions first-amendment free-exercise hybrid-rights qualified-immunity religious-schools |
Whether this Court should limit qualified immunity for executive branch officials who have the benefit of deliberative process and legal counsel, part… |
| 23-481 |
Temple of 1001 Buddhas, et al. v. City of Fremont, California |
Ninth Circuit |
2023-11-07 |
Denied |
Response RequestedRelisted (2) |
42-usc-1983 civil-rights constitutional-rights disparate-treatment first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause municipal-liability searching-review section-1983 |
1. Whether a state municipality can be held liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 when decision rights and associated impingements on free exercise are distri… |
| 23-450 |
M. C., et vir v. Indiana Department of Child Services |
Indiana |
2023-10-30 |
Denied |
Amici (4)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3) |
14th-amendment child-custody due-process first-amendment free-exercise free-speech parental-rights prior-restraint |
M.C. and J.C. are devout Christians who believe that God creates each person as immutably male or female and that, based on those beliefs and scientif… |
| 23-5799 |
Donald L. Missimer, Jr. v. Jay Forshey, Warden |
Ohio |
2023-10-18 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-rights due-process establishment-clause free-exercise standing state-action |
Question not identified. |
| 23-5815 |
Emily Claire Hari v. United States |
Eighth Circuit |
2023-10-17 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
circuit-split commerce-clause congressional-authority constitutional-challenge criminal-law criminal-statute free-exercise jurisdictional-element non-economic |
Whether the "jurisdictional element" contained within 18 U.S.C. § 247, standing alone, serves to authorize congressional enactment of a criminal statu… |
| 23-87 |
Cody A. Craig v. Emma R. Solorzano |
Maine |
2023-07-31 |
Denied |
|
civil-rights constitutional-law due-process first-amendment free-exercise judicial-discretion parental-rights religious-freedom |
Does a court decision limiting parental rights, based upon express disapproval of the parent's "troubling" religious views, violate of the free exerci… |
| 23-5183 |
Allen S. Herschaft v. New York City Campaign Finance Board |
Second Circuit |
2023-07-25 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-procedure civil-rights due-process equal-protection first-amendment free-exercise religious-freedom religious-freedom-restoration-act res-judicata standing |
1) Whether Res Judicata precludes bringing the case?
2) Whether the defendant by enforcing its rules and regulations is violating plaintiffs free exe… |
| 22-1093 |
Mark Anthony Spell, et al. v. John Bel Edwards, et al. |
Fifth Circuit |
2023-05-09 |
Denied |
Amici (4)Response Waived |
church-assembly church-state-separation establishment-clause first-amendment founders-intent free-exercise free-exercise-clause religious-freedom religious-liberty state-restrictions |
This is a vital case of first impression concerning our most sacred rights of religious freedom and the very nature of the Church and State as separat… |
| 22-951 |
Jane Doe No. 1, et al. v. Todd Rokita, Attorney General of Indiana, et al. |
Seventh Circuit |
2023-03-30 |
Denied |
Amici (1)Response Waived |
abortion abortion-rights constitutional-law dobbs-precedent dobbs-v-jackson first-amendment free-exercise free-speech medical-protocols religious-beliefs |
Whether, following Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, 142 S. Ct. 2228 (2022), this Court's First Amendment precedents continue to apply to … |
| 22-6742 |
Jan M. Gawlik v. Ned Lamont, Governor of Connecticut, et al. |
Connecticut |
2023-02-10 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
conditions-of-confinement discrimination due-process first-amendment free-exercise religious-freedom rluipa symbolic-expression |
WHERE THE GOVERNOR/MALLOY; P.DANNELL OF THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT, RECOMMENDED SEMPLE,SCOTT AS COMMISSIONER OF CORRECTIONS WITHIN CONNECTICUT TO THE ST… |
| 22-6735 |
Echo Dixon v. New York |
New York |
2023-02-09 |
Denied |
IFP |
brady-v-maryland brady-violation civil-rights due-process first-amendment fourteenth-amendment fraud-on-the-court free-exercise habeas-corpus misnomer |
Whether the People of the State of New York, while investigating child
abuse and neglect and crime, interfered with Petitioner 's first and fourteent… |
| 22-6675 |
Barrett S. Tunsil v. Josh Shapiro, Governor of Pennsylvania, et al. |
Third Circuit |
2023-02-01 |
Denied |
IFP |
civil-rights covid-19 due-process equal-protection free-exercise pandemic |
Question not identified. |
| 22-696 |
Reginald L. Gundy v. City of Jacksonville, Florida, et al. |
Eleventh Circuit |
2023-01-26 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
civil-rights first-amendment free-exercise free-speech government-speech qualified-immunity retaliation |
1. Whether Petitioner's invited invocation before the City Council, without any instructions or limitations, was private speech as the district court … |
| 22-6230 |
Derrick A. Edwards v. K. King, et al. |
Fourth Circuit |
2022-12-06 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-rights compelling-interest constitutional-rights criminal-conviction evidence-challenge free-exercise judicial-review least-restrictive-means procedural-limitations RLUIPA substantial-burden substantive-due-process |
Question not identified. |
| 22-6054 |
Stephen Barbee v. Bryan Collier, et al. |
Fifth Circuit |
2022-11-15 |
Denied |
IFP |
capital-punishment execution-chamber fifth-circuit first-amendment free-exercise prison-litigation-reform-act prison-policy religious-rights rluipa spiritual-advisor |
1. Whether the Fifth Circuit erred in vacating as an abuse of discretion the injunction requiring TDCJ to publish a clear policy where the district co… |
| 22-343 |
Lynn S. King v. New York, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2022-10-12 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
divorce-proceedings domestic-relations domestic-relations-law first-amendment free-exercise religious-covenant religious-wedding sacred-covenant standing |
Whether New York Domestic Relations Law 170(7), which permits one spouse to obtain a divorce based on an affidavit that the marriage relationship has … |
| 22-292 |
James D. Sullivan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue |
Fourth Circuit |
2022-09-27 |
Denied |
Response WaivedRelisted (2) |
establishment-clause free-exercise government-speech lemon-test public-forum religious-display |
Question 1: Whether or not Petitioner is entitled to a trial by jury in civil federal income tax cases as mandated by the Seventh Amendment?
Question… |
| 22-260 |
Burtonsville Associates, et al. v. Montgomery County, Maryland, et al. |
Fourth Circuit |
2022-09-20 |
Denied |
|
church-construction equal-terms equal-terms-claim free-exercise religious-exercise religious-land-use rluipa substantial-burden zoning zoning-denial |
1. Must a congregation seeking to build a church prove that it had a reasonable expectation of zoning approval before it can establish that a zoning d… |
| 22-5408 |
Lady Donna Dutchess v. Jason Dutch |
Alaska |
2022-08-19 |
Denied |
IFP |
civil-rights establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise lemon-test medical-scientology religious-freedom vaccine-mandate vaccine-mandates |
1. Regarding the American court's absolute faith in human-made vaccine concoctions, which is an important national and public issue, is it truly this … |
| 22-108 |
Richard R. Watkinson v. Alaska Department of Corrections, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2022-08-03 |
Denied |
Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (5) |
free-exercise free-exercise-clause government-neutrality prisoner-rights religious-accommodation religious-accommodations rluipa strict-scrutiny substantial-burden |
1. Does the Free Exercise Clause permit a prison to deny accommodations to the Petitioner for his religious exercise that it already allows for secula… |
| 22-60 |
Church of Scientology International, et al. v. Chrissie Carnell Bixler, et al. |
California |
2022-07-21 |
Denied |
Amici (5)Response Waived |
arbitration-agreement church-membership civil-procedure establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise freedom-of-religion religious-arbitration |
Where a parishioner freely executes a religious arbitration agreement with her church, does the First Amendment prohibit enforcement of the agreement … |
| 21-8242 |
Michael David Webb v. Anthony S. Fauci, et al. |
Fourth Circuit |
2022-06-28 |
Denied |
Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP |
administrative-procedure agency-response civil-rights due-process face-act foia free-exercise freedom-of-information-act injunctive-relief judicial-discretion procedural-due-process standing |
Whether, on a valid claim arising under the FOIA, a Trial Court may not properly dismiss, sua sponte, a case, without decision, where the requested Ag… |
| 21-8138 |
Lawrence J. Gerrans v. United States |
Ninth Circuit |
2022-06-14 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-rights criminal-procedure first-amendment free-exercise religious-rights sixth-amendment structural-error trial-rights |
1. May a district court , upon the prosecutor's demand that a defendant's Bible be removed from the courtroom during a criminal trial, constitutionall… |
| 21-1328 |
Community Baptist Church, et al. v. Jared Polis, Governor of Colorado, et al. |
Tenth Circuit |
2022-04-05 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
11th-amendment 42-usc-1983 due-process free-exercise mootness standing |
Whether a statute requires strict scrutiny for facial and as-applied claims where officials invoke it as legal authority to issue mandates which depri… |
| 21-1295 |
St. Augustine School, et al. v. Jill Underly, in Her Official Capacity as Superintendent of Public Instruction, et al. |
Seventh Circuit |
2022-03-28 |
Denied |
|
constitutional-claims doctrinal-determination establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause government-interference public-benefits religion-clauses religious-preference summary-reversal |
1. Whether summary reversal is warranted where the Seventh Circuit did not consider this case in light of Espinoza v. Montana Dep't of Revenue, 591 U.… |
| 21-1297 |
Clare Therese Grady, Carmen Trotta, and Martha Hennessy v. United States |
Eleventh Circuit |
2022-03-25 |
Denied |
|
circuit-split criminal-prosecution free-exercise government-burden government-burden-of-proof least-restrictive-means prosecution religious-freedom religious-freedom-restoration-act rfra sincerely-held-beliefs |
Petitioners, Catholic anti-nuclear activists, engaged in "symbolic disarmament" by damaging and spray painting facilities on a nuclear submarine base,… |
| 21-1263 |
Marvin Gerber v. Henry Herskovitz, et al. |
Sixth Circuit |
2022-03-17 |
Denied |
Amici (1)Response Waived |
anti-israel anti-jewish first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-of-religion harassment intimidation judicial-review religious-freedom speech-restriction |
Jewish worshippers entering their synagogue for worship on Saturday mornings for Sabbath services are harassed and intimidated by a group that assembl… |
| 21-1143 |
Dr. A., et al. v. Kathy Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2022-02-16 |
Denied |
Amici (12)Relisted (10) |
administrative-rule covid-19 covid-vaccine-mandate employment-division-v-smith free-exercise free-exercise-clause medical-exemption religious-exemption secular-conduct vaccine-mandate |
Using its emergency regulatory powers, New York has imposed a COVID vaccine mandate on healthcare workers, but provided no religious exemption. Worker… |
| 21-1076 |
Sivagnanam Thamilselvan v. Vijayalakshmi Thamilselvan |
Michigan |
2022-02-03 |
Denied |
Response WaivedRelisted (2) |
comity comity-doctrine divorce first-amendment fourteenth-amendment free-exercise no-fault-divorce religious-freedom subject-matter-jurisdiction |
1. Whether the petitioners ' First and Fourteenth Amendment rights are violated, when Michigan Supreme Court, Michigan Court of Appeals and Trial Cour… |
| 21-1027 |
Green Haven Preparative Meeting, et al. v. New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2022-01-20 |
Denied |
Amici (1) |
civil-rights first-amendment free-exercise institutional-rights prison-ministry religious-organization standing substantial-burden |
1. Does the standing of a religious organization to protect the fundamental practices of its faith from being abridged by the state cease at the priso… |
| 21-1003 |
F. F., as Parent of Y. F., et al. v. New York, et al. |
New York |
2022-01-14 |
Denied |
|
constitutional-rights first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause narrow-tailoring religious-bias religious-exemption school-vaccination strict-scrutiny vaccination-requirement |
Does New York's religious exemption repeal violate the First Amendment's Free Exercise Clause because (1) either (a) it allows for secular exemptions … |
| 21-886 |
Ismet Islami v. Kemper Independence Insurance Company |
Wisconsin |
2021-12-15 |
Denied |
|
civil-dissolution due-process first-amendment fourteenth-amendment free-exercise legal-separation marital-property religious-freedom religious-rights statutory-entitlement |
Introductory Statement
This is a liberty based "due process" case. Enactment by the Wisconsin legislature of the Wisconsin Marital Property Act in 19… |
| 21-6327 |
Frank Paul Ferrara v. Virginia |
Virginia |
2021-11-19 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
circuit-court civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process evidence-admission expert-testimony fair-trial free-exercise standing statutory-interpretation trial-procedure |
1. Should this matter been allowed to progress to a civil commitment trial since the Respondent incarcerated the Petitioner for exercising his Constit… |
| 21-717 |
John Does 1–3, et al. v. Janet T. Mills, Governor of Maine, et al. |
First Circuit |
2021-11-15 |
Denied |
Amici (3)Relisted (3) |
covid-19 covid-19-mandate free-exercise free-exercise-clause healthcare-workers preemption preliminary-injunction religious-accommodation supremacy-clause title-vii |
"[E]ven in a pandemic, the Constitution cannot be put away and forgotten." Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo, 141 S. Ct. 63, 68 (2020). More… |
| 21-476 |
303 Creative LLC, et al. v. Aubrey Elenis, et al. |
Tenth Circuit |
2021-09-28 |
Judgment Issued |
Amici (90)Relisted (4) |
anti-discrimination-law compelled-speech content-based content-based-regulation free-exercise free-speech religious-beliefs religious-liberty viewpoint-discrimination |
Artist Lorie Smith is a website designer who creates original, online content consistent with her faith. She plans to (1) design wedding websites prom… |
| 21-418 |
Joseph A. Kennedy v. Bremerton School District |
Ninth Circuit |
2021-09-16 |
Judgment Issued |
Amici (68)Relisted (2) |
constitutional-rights establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise free-speech public-employment public-school religious-expression |
1. Whether a public-school employee who says a brief, quiet prayer by himself while at school and visible to students is engaged in government speech … |
| 21-5592 |
John H. Ramirez v. Bryan Collier, Executive Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, et al. |
Fifth Circuit |
2021-09-07 |
Judgment Issued |
Amici (17)IFP |
compelling-governmental-interest compelling-state-interest execution-protocol free-exercise free-exercise-clause free-speech least-restrictive-means pastoral-support religious-land-use-and-institutionalized-persons-a religious-rights rluipa |
1. Under the Free Exercise Clause and Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act ("RLUIPA"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000cc–2000cc–5 (2000), does the S… |
| 21-144 |
Seattle's Union Gospel Mission v. Matthew S. Woods |
Washington |
2021-08-03 |
Denied |
Amici (17)Relisted (9) |
civil-rights coreligionist-hiring employment-discrimination first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause ministerial-exception religious-exemption religious-freedom religious-nonprofits standing |
1. Whether the First Amendment protects the Mission's right to hire coreligionists.
2. Whether denying the Mission a total exemption the state grants… |
| 21-5215 |
Cameron Dean Bates v. United States |
Eleventh Circuit |
2021-07-26 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-rights constitutional-law due-process free-exercise free-speech standing |
1. Given that this Court held in Slack v. McDanie l, 529 US 473 (2000) that a Certificate of Appealability ("COA") shall not be granted if "no reasona… |
| 20-1501 |
Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany, et al. v. Shirin Emami, Acting Superintendent, New York Department of Financial Services, et al. |
New York |
2021-04-27 |
GVR |
Amici (6)Relisted (4) |
abortion abortion-mandate employment-division-smith first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause free-speech health-insurance religious-autonomy religious-exemption smith-v-oregon |
In 2017, New York promulgated a regulation mandating that employer health insurance plans cover abortions. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 11, § 52.1… |
| 20-1443 |
Candace Aguilera, aka Candace Sgaggio v. City of Colorado Springs, Colorado, et al. |
Tenth Circuit |
2021-04-15 |
Denied |
|
4th-amendment civil-rights fourth-amendment free-exercise implied-license indigenous-rights private-property search-and-seizure spiritual-property standing |
I ask the Supreme Court to clarify how long the government agents, can stay on the Private spiritual property and continue to search, after the implie… |
| 20-1346 |
Calvary Chapel of Bangor v. Janet T. Mills, Governor of Maine |
First Circuit |
2021-03-25 |
Denied |
Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
employment-division-v-smith establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause government-discrimination jacobson-v-massachusetts pandemic-restrictions preliminary-injunction religious-liberty strict-scrutiny temporary-restraining-order |
(1) Whether the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from discriminating against houses of worship by restricting the … |
| 20-7044 |
Gregory Bartunek v. Hall County, Nebraska, et al. |
Eighth Circuit |
2021-02-04 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
fifth-amendment first-amendment fourteenth-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause pretrial-detainee pretrial-detainees religious-freedom |
Whether failing to provide consistent and reliable opportunities for pretrial detainees to exercise their religious freedoms is a violation of the Fir… |
| 20-838 |
Kim Blandino v. Nevada, et al. |
Nevada |
2020-12-22 |
Denied |
|
constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process fifth-amendment first-amendment fourteenth-amendment free-exercise impartial-judge judicial-impartiality structural-error |
(1) Whether this Court's decision in Rippo v. Baker, 137 S. Ct. 905 (2017) which concerns a structural error of the Constitutional denial of an impart… |
| 20-746 |
South Bay United Pentecostal Church, et al. v. Gavin Newsom, Governor of California, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2020-11-30 |
GVR |
Amici (2)Response RequestedResponse Waived |
civil-rights constitutional-review first-amendment free-exercise free-speech jacobson-v-massachusetts pandemic-restrictions religious-liberty strict-scrutiny |
Once again, Petitioners South Bay United Pentecostal Church and Bishop Arthur Hodges III ("South Bay") must seek relief from this Court. California, i… |
| 20-639 |
Calvary Chapel Dayton Valley v. Steve Sisolak, Governor of Nevada, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2020-11-10 |
Denied |
Amici (6)Relisted (2) |
covid-19 covid-19-restrictions equal-protection first-amendment free-assembly free-exercise free-exercise-clause free-speech religious-liberty strict-scrutiny |
1. Whether the Governor's favoring of secular over religious gatherings violates the Free Exercise Clause.
2. Whether the Governor's favoring of secu… |
| 20-6258 |
Arthur L. Campbell v. Cynthia Gause, et al. |
Sixth Circuit |
2020-11-09 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-rights first-amendment free-exercise islam judicial-review prison-policy religious-freedom rluipa statutory-interpretation substantial-burden |
THE SIXTH CIRCUIT COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR, CONTRARY TO 42 U.S.C. §2000cc et seq., WHEN IT ABDICATED THE RESPONSIBILITY, CONFERRED BY CONGRESS ON THE COU… |
| 20-569 |
Elim Romanian Pentecostal Church, et al. v. J. B. Pritzker, Governor of Illinois |
Seventh Circuit |
2020-10-30 |
Denied |
Amici (5)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3) |
content-based-restriction content-based-restrictions first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause jacobson-v-massachusetts pandemic-exception religious-discrimination religious-gatherings strict-scrutiny |
(1) Whether the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from discriminating against religious gatherings by restricting t… |
| 20-536 |
The Episcopal Church, et al. v. The Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth, et al. |
Texas |
2020-10-22 |
Denied |
Relisted (2) |
church-property church-property-disputes constitutional-law ecclesiastical-deference express-trusts first-amendment free-exercise neutral-principles polity religious-freedom |
The First Amendment limits civil courts' authority to resolve disputes within a church. For more than a century, this Court respected those limits by … |
| 20-534 |
All Saints' Episcopal Church (Fort Worth) v. The Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth, et al. |
Texas |
2020-10-22 |
Denied |
Amici (1)Relisted (2) |
church-property-dispute church-property-disputes ecclesiastical-question establishment-clause express-trust-provision free-exercise free-exercise-clause jones-v-wolf neutral-principles neutral-principles-of-law |
Whether the Texas Supreme Court's decision awarding petitioner's sanctuary and rectory to a dissident faction in contravention of the will of petition… |
| 20-385 |
Judy Doe v. Michael L. Parson, Governor of Missouri, et al. |
Eighth Circuit |
2020-09-24 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
abortion abortion-rights constitutional-challenge due-process establishment-clause free-exercise free-exercise-clause religious-belief religious-liberty undue-burden undue-burden-standard |
1. Is the Establishment Clause violated by
the proclamation in an abortion statute that "The life of
each human being begins at conception. Abortion w… |
| 20-340 |
Olga Paule Perrier-Bilbo v. United States, et al. |
First Circuit |
2020-09-15 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
civil-rights equal-protection establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise freedom-of-religion government-endorsement religious-discrimination standing |
May the federal government continue to degrade Atheists from the equal rank of citizens by repeatedly, flagrantly, and facially lending its power to M… |
| 20-261 |
Jeff Schulz, et al. v. Presbytery of Seattle. et al. |
Washington |
2020-09-02 |
Denied |
Amici (3)Relisted (3) |
church-autonomy church-property-disputes civil-procedure constitutional-law denominational-authority denominational-dispute first-amendment free-exercise property-ownership religious-freedom |
In a dispute between a local congregation and its former denomination over ownership of property to which the local congregation holds legal title, do… |
| 20-5319 |
Juan Carlos Avila-Gonzalez v. United States |
Fifth Circuit |
2020-08-11 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
certificate-of-appealability civil-rights compelled-speech competence-to-waive counsel-investigation due-process fifth-circuit free-exercise free-speech ineffective-assistance medical-history public-accommodations |
WHETHER THE FIFTH CIRCUIT APPLIED THE CORRECT LEGAL STANDARD WHEN DENIED AVILA'S COA IN THE CLAIM THAT HE RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL B… |
| 20-5214 |
Ricardo A. Haynes v. Robert Wilkie, Secretary of Veterans Affairs |
Federal Circuit |
2020-07-30 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-rights constitutional-law due-process free-exercise free-speech standing |
Question not identified. |
| 20-62 |
Parents for Privacy, et al. v. William P. Barr, Attorney General, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2020-07-23 |
Denied |
|
bodily-privacy civil-rights due-process free-exercise parental-rights religious-beliefs religious-freedom school-policy title-ix transgender-accommodation |
1. Whether parents surrender their fundamental right to direct the upbringing of their children by enrolling them in public school so that a school di… |
| 20-23 |
Dale Hartkemeyer, et al. v. William P. Barr, Attorney General, et al. |
Seventh Circuit |
2020-07-15 |
Denied |
|
free-exercise last-rites ministerial-duty pandemic pandemic-execution prisoner prisoner-rights religious-exercise religious-freedom RFRA |
Where a priest has a sacred religious duty to minister last rites to a prisoner under his pastoral care, does scheduling the prisoner's execution duri… |
| 20-14 |
Congregation Rabbinical College of Tartikov, Inc., et al. v. Village of Pomona, New York, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2020-07-10 |
Denied |
Amici (2)Response RequestedRelisted (2) |
article-iii article-iii-standing fair-housing-act free-exercise institutionalized-persons-act municipal-law property-rights religious-exercise religious-land-use rluipa standing zoning-law |
When it enacted the Religious Land Use and
Institutionalized Persons Act ("RLUIPA"), 42 U.S.C.
§§ 2000cc, et seq. , Congress created a cause of acti… |
| 19-8695 |
Ruben Gutierrez v. Luis V. Saenz, et al. |
Fifth Circuit |
2020-06-15 |
Judgment Issued |
Amici (1)IFP |
compelling-interest execution execution-protocol first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause religious-accommodation religious-adviser religious-exercise rluipa spiritual-aid |
1. Under the RLUIPA, does the State's decision to deprive Mr. Gutierrez of the opportunity to be accompanied during his execution by a religious advis… |
| 19-8681 |
Sung Hong, et ux. v. United States |
Ninth Circuit |
2020-06-12 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
affinity-fraud aggravating-factors civil-rights constitutional-law due-process establishment-clause free-exercise holguin-hernandez-v-united-states plain-error-review religious-sentencing sentencing sentencing-guidelines |
1. Is it permissible for courts to consider religion as an aggravating factor in determining sentences, or to favor a religion by sentencing defendant… |
| 19-1135 |
Dignity Health, dba Mercy San Juan Medical Center v. Evan Minton |
California |
2020-03-17 |
Denied |
Amici (5)Relisted (7) |
civil-rights employment-division-v-smith first-amendment free-association free-exercise free-expression medical-procedure medical-procedures religious-freedom religious-liberty state-law unruh-civil-rights-act |
(1) Does the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment bar a state-law claim that seeks to compel a religiously affiliated hospital to allow medical… |
| 19-7542 |
Noah-Wade Pelmear, et al. v. Maureen O'Connor, et al. |
Sixth Circuit |
2020-02-04 |
Denied |
Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP |
civil-rights color-of-law due-process equal-protection free-exercise immunity judicial-immunity oath-of-office obstruction-of-justice |
1. Can state actors acting under color of state law, impair, impede, deny, discriminate, threaten or otherwise obstruct petitioners '/ plaintiffs ' fr… |
| 19-6392 |
Jeffrey F. Evers v. Brian Foster, Warden |
Seventh Circuit |
2019-10-25 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
appeals civil-procedure civil-rights criminal-procedure due-process federal-courts first-amendment free-exercise habeas-corpus merits-based-decision new-trial procedural-default public-accommodation religious-freedom same-sex-marriage standing state-licensing |
me issues responding to a no-merit repart that doesint
sion with respect of allclaims raised by Evers'
ere was never a weapon pruduce.
the Sixth Amend… |
| 19-371 |
Stephen S. Wise Temple v. Julie Su |
California |
2019-09-19 |
Dismissed |
Amici (2)Response RequestedResponse Waived |
employment-discrimination first-amendment first-amendment-free-exercise free-exercise functional-approach hosanna-tabor hosanna-tabor-v-eeoc judicial-interpretation ministerial-exception religious-education religious-institutions transmitting-faith |
Whether courts should apply a functional approach to the ministerial exception that does not punish religious institutions for employing non-adherents… |
| 19-348 |
St. James School v. Darryl Biel, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Kristen Biel |
Ninth Circuit |
2019-09-17 |
Judgment Issued |
Amici (4) |
civil-courts civil-rights due-process employment-discrimination establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise free-speech hosanna-tabor ministerial-exception religion-clauses |
Whether the Religion Clauses prevent civil courts from adjudicating employment discrimination claims brought by an employee against her religious empl… |
| 19-333 |
Arlene's Flowers, Inc., dba Arlene's Flowers and Gifts, et al. v. Washington, et al. |
Washington |
2019-09-12 |
Rehearing |
Amici (10)Relisted (13) |
civil-rights compelled-speech content-based first-amendment free-exercise free-speech public-accommodation religious-freedom religious-hostility same-sex-marriage state-action strict-scrutiny |
Barronelle Stutzman is a Christian artist who imagines, designs, and creates floral art. She serves everyone and sells pre-arranged flowers for use in… |
| 19-5841 |
Shahram Shakouri v. Lorie Davis, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Correctional Institutions Division, et al. |
Fifth Circuit |
2019-09-06 |
Denied |
IFP |
due-process first-amendment fourteenth-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause masterpiece-cakeshop religious-discrimination religious-hostility religious-neutrality scriptural-interpretation thirteenth-amendment |
Whether district court's lack of religious neutrality violated Petitioner's right to the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment or Free Exercise Cla… |
| 19-123 |
Sharonell Fulton, et al. v. City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, et al. |
Third Circuit |
2019-07-25 |
Judgment Issued |
Amici (87)Relisted (7) |
circuit-split civil-rights discrimination employment-division-v-smith first-amendment foster-care free-exercise general-applicability government-neutrality neutral-and-generally-applicable neutral-laws religious-discrimination religious-liberty unconstitutional-conditions |
The City of Philadelphia chose to exclude a religious agency from the City's foster care system unless the agency agreed to act and speak in a manner … |
| 19-66 |
George Q. Ricks v. Idaho Contractors Board, et al. |
Idaho |
2019-07-12 |
Denied |
Amici (5)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (8) |
civil-rights constitutional-interpretation constitutional-law employment-division-v-smith first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause generally-applicable neutral-law neutral-laws religious-exemption religious-exemptions religious-freedom stare-decisis |
Whether the Court should revisit its holding in Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), that the Free Exercise Clause generally requires no… |
| 18-9832 |
Patrick H. Murphy v. Bryan Collier, Executive Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, et al. |
Fifth Circuit |
2019-06-27 |
Denied |
Amici (1)IFP |
civil-rights death-penalty death-row due-process establishment-clause free-exercise free-exercise-clause pastoral-accompaniment religious-liberty rluipa |
1. When a death-sentenced inmate informs prison authorities a month in advance of his scheduled execution date of his desire to be accompanied during … |
| 18-9649 |
Boaz Pleasant-Bey v. Tennessee Department of Corrections, et al. |
Sixth Circuit |
2019-06-13 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-rights cruel-and-unusual-punishment due-process free-exercise halal-diet prison religious-freedom rluipa substantial-burden |
Whether RLUIPA prohibits the Defendants from placing a substantial burden upon Petitioner's religious exercise by feeding non-traditional inedible foo… |
| 18-1322 |
The Alliance to End Chickens as Kaporos, et al. v. New York City Police Department, et al. |
New York |
2019-04-18 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
animal-cruelty establishment-clause executive-branch free-exercise judicial-branch legislative-branch mandamus separation-of-powers standing writ-of-mandamus |
1. Can the New York State Judicial Branch refuse to issue a writ of mandamus when the executive branch defies the legislative branch;
2. Can the New … |
| 18-8774 |
John Elvin Turner v. Nevada, et al. |
Nevada |
2019-04-10 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-procedure civil-rights due-process first-amendment free-exercise jurisdiction religious-freedom standing statutory-interpretation |
Question not identified. |
| 18-8615 |
In Re Patrick Henry Murphy |
|
2019-03-28 |
Denied |
IFP |
capital-punishment civil-rights due-process equal-protection establishment-clause execution-protocol first-amendment free-exercise religious-accommodation religious-freedom state-procedure |
When a State permits members of some faiths (e.g., Christians) to be accompanied in the execution chamber during the execution by a clergyperson of th… |
| 18-1195 |
Kendra Espinoza, et al. v. Montana Department of Revenue, et al. |
Montana |
2019-03-14 |
Judgment Issued |
Amici (64)Relisted (2) |
constitutional-law equal-protection establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise religion-clauses religious-schools school-choice student-aid |
Does it violate the Religion Clauses or Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution to invalidate a generally available and religiously … |
| 18-1151 |
St. Augustine School, et al. v. Carolyn Stanford Taylor, in Her Official Capacity as Superintendent of Public Instruction, et al. |
Seventh Circuit |
2019-03-06 |
GVR |
Relisted (2) |
church-autonomy denominational-affiliation employment-division-v-smith faith-tradition free-exercise free-exercise-clause government-benefits religion-clauses religious-adherent religious-autonomy religious-liberty trinity-lutheran trinity-lutheran-v-comer |
1. Whether the Free Exercise Clause prohibits the government from requiring a religious adherent to choose between following his or her faith traditio… |
| 18-7946 |
Robert Hawkins v. United States |
Seventh Circuit |
2019-02-13 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-procedure civil-rights due-process establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise free-speech separation-of-church-and-state standing takings |
(l) Whether Petitioner's sentence of 324 months violates due process because the district court failed to rely upon Georgia's state law to interpret a… |
| 18-944 |
Tree of Life Christian Schools v. City of Upper Arlington, Ohio |
Sixth Circuit |
2019-01-18 |
Denied |
Amici (9)Relisted (2) |
circuit-split conditional-use-permit discrimination equal-terms equal-terms-provision facial-or-as-applied-violation free-exercise nonprofit-organization religious-land-use religious-land-use-and-institutionalized-persons-a rluipa standing tax-revenue zoning zoning-code |
What is the proper test for a RLUIPA equal-terms claim.
Whether Tree of Life established a facial or as-applied equal-terms violation here. |
| 18-7397 |
Jackie Breeden, Jr. v. Wendy Kelley, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction |
Arkansas |
2019-01-14 |
Denied |
Response WaivedIFP |
civil-procedure civil-rights due-process equal-protection free-exercise free-speech racial-discrimination school-desegregation standing |
Mr. Breeden alleges that had his trial counsel argued under Arkansas Law that his case should fall under the "first offender act" ,as a first time off… |
| 18-636 |
The Pure Presbyterian Church of Washington, et al. v. The Grace of God Presbyterian Church |
Virginia |
2018-11-16 |
Dismissed |
|
church-property civil-procedure constitutional-competence ecclesiastical-abstention establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise merger-analysis neutral-principles religious-freedom religious-organizations subject-matter-jurisdiction |
The trial court entered its Final Order disposing, inter alia, of Church Property, predicated upon a judicial determination that Grace Presbyterian wa… |
| 18-583 |
Kenneth Mayle v. United States, et al. |
Seventh Circuit |
2018-11-05 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
compelled-speech compelling-governmental-interest equal-protection free-exercise free-speech government-burden least-restrictive-means minority-rights religious-beliefs religious-freedom-restoration-act sincerely-held-religious-beliefs standing statutory-interpretation |
Whether the lower court's ruling violates the Supreme Court's precedents by improperly substituting its own view that carrying currency bearing a reli… |
| 18-547 |
Melissa Elaine Klein, et vir v. Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries |
Oregon |
2018-10-26 |
GVR |
Amici (10)Relisted (13) |
commercial-art compelled-speech employment-division-v-smith expressive-conduct first-amendment free-exercise free-speech hybrid-rights public-accommodations religious-liberty |
1. Whether Oregon violated the Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment by compelling the Kleins to design and create a custom wed… |
| 18-530 |
Congregation Jeshuat Israel v. Congregation Shearith Israel |
First Circuit |
2018-10-24 |
Denied |
Amici (2)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
charitable-trusts diversity-jurisdiction erie-doctrine establishment-clause evidence federalism free-exercise free-exercise-clause personal-property property property-dispute religious-liberty secular-evidence trust trust-law |
1. In ordinary trust and property disputes does the Establishment Clause preclude courts from considering secular evidence that is relevant and admiss… |
| 18-451 |
Aloha Bed & Breakfast v. Diane Cervelli, et al. |
Hawaii |
2018-10-11 |
Denied |
Amici (5)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
due-process fair-notice first-amendment fourteenth-amendment free-exercise intimate-association privacy prohibitory public-accommodation public-accommodations quasi-criminal religious-beliefs religious-liberty stigmatizing |
Phyllis Young, a retiree, rents three bedrooms in her family home using the name Aloha Bed & Breakfast to make ends meet. She welcomes everyone as gue… |
| 18-365 |
The Presbyterian Church in Morristown, et al. v. Freedom From Religion Foundation, et al. |
New Jersey |
2018-09-20 |
Denied |
Relisted (6) |
church-state-separation constitutional-rights establishment-clause free-exercise free-exercise-clause free-speech government-funding government-grants historic-preservation religious-discrimination religious-neutrality standing status-use-distinction |
Does the categorical exclusion of active houses of worship from a competitive government grant program advancing the secular interest of historic pres… |
| 18-364 |
Morris County Board of Chosen Freeholders, et al. v. Freedom From Religion Foundation, et al. |
New Jersey |
2018-09-20 |
Denied |
Amici (2)Relisted (6) |
civil-rights establishment-clause first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause free-speech government-funding historic-preservation public-funding religious-status status-based-discrimination trinity-lutheran trinity-lutheran-precedent |
1. Whether using generally available historic preservation funds to repair or restore a house of worship constitutes a "religious use" that falls outs… |
| 18-5864 |
Benjamin Patrick Lee v. Suzanne M. Peery, Warden |
Ninth Circuit |
2018-09-04 |
Denied |
IFP |
civil-rights criminal-procedure double-jeopardy due-process equal-protection free-exercise habeas-corpus right-to-counsel state-laws |
Can State actors and stite Court Violate the due process and equal protection clanses of the United States Constitution and the sfate's own enumerated… |
| 18-112 |
Vance D. Day, Judge, Circuit Court of Oregon, Third Judicial District v. Oregon Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability |
Oregon |
2018-07-25 |
Denied |
Amici (2) |
14th-amendment constitutional-defenses due-process first-amendment free-exercise free-speech judicial-ethics oregon-supreme-court original-jurisdiction procedural-due-process |
(1) Whether it is a Due Process violation for a court of original jurisdiction to refuse to consider, or to reject without sufficient analysis, substa… |
| 18-5055 |
Mitchell Stevens v. Darrel Vannoy, Warden, et al. |
Fifth Circuit |
2018-07-02 |
Denied |
IFP |
civil-procedure civil-rights due-process free-exercise free-speech prison-policy religious-accommodation standing takings |
(1) whethoR the CouRt of Appeals RExedeRed A decision which conFlicts with this couRt 2nd decisioxs
OF It's own CoaRt, whon It Ruld thAt 2 dismiss Al
… |