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164 results for “New York, et al.”

Case Title Lower Court Docketed Status Tags Question Presented
25-933 Daniel N. Arbeeny, as the Administrator for the Estate of Norman Arbeeny, et al. v. Andrew M. Cuomo, former Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2026-02-06 Pending administrative-law constitutional-rights covid-directive nursing-home-deaths qualified-immunity state-actors 1. How could the Second Circuit have reasonably concluded that the State Respondents Governor Cuomo and Ms. DeRosa, his Chief of Staff, could not have…
25-836 Rockland County, New York, et al. v. New York, et al. New York 2026-01-15 Pending county-administration due-process election-law equal-protection fourteenth-amendment voting-rights This petition presents federal constitutional questions concerning Equal Protection and voting-rights limits on a state's authority to selectively res…
25-795 Montgomery Blair Sibley v. Chauncey J. Watches, Judge, Steuben County, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2026-01-07 Pending due-process equal-protection in-forma-pauperis judicial-immunity petition-clause second-amendment WHETHER federal in forma pauperis litigants may be significantly denied immediate access to Court while filing-fee paying litigants suffer no such con…
25-715 Masahide Kanayama v. Scott Kowal, Chief Pretrial Services Officer, Southern District of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-12-18 Pending criminal-procedure damage-calculation district-court dual-criminality extradition japanese-law Whether in certifying Dr. Masahide Kanayama's extradition to Japan, the District Court for the Southern District of New York improperly relied on a hy…
25-598 Vishara Video, Inc., et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-11-21 Denied first-amendment free-expression municipal-ordinance police-powers secondary-effects zoning-restrictions 1. Where there have been substantial changes in the circumstances since a municipality enacted an ordinance under its police powers that impacts fre…
25-587 Julio Licinio v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-11-18 Denied burden-shifting case-law employment-discrimination judicial-framework mcdonnell-douglas stare-decisis Whether McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), should be overruled.
25A476 59 Murray Enterprises, Inc., et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-10-24 Application corporate-disclosure legal-standing parent-corporation publicly-traded rule-29.6 stockholder-ownership Whether a Rule 29.6 statement disclosing corporate ownership structure satisfies Supreme Court procedural requirements for corporate disclosure
25-464 Philip G. Potter v. Incorporated Village of Ocean Beach, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-10-16 Pending circuit-split constitutional-rights due-process land-use section-1983 takings-claims Whether the accrual rule for takings claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 applies to procedural due process claims asserted in land-use disputes.
25A271 Julio Licinio v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-09-08 Presumed Complete burden-shifting civil-rights employment-discrimination mcdonnell-douglas summary-judgment title-vii Whether the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework remains a viable standard for analyzing employment discrimination claims under Title VII
25-126 Michael Kane, et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-08-01 Denied accommodation first-amendment religious-discrimination strict-scrutiny title-vii undue-hardship Whether strict scrutiny applies to a discretionary religious-accommodation scheme that turns on whether individuals follow organized religion and whet…
25A130 Philip G. Potter v. Incorporated Village of Ocean Beach, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-07-31 Presumed Complete certificate-of-occupancy federalism land-use procedural-due-process section-1983 statute-of-limitations Whether the statute of limitations for a procedural due process claim under 42 U.S.C. §1983 begins to run only after state proceedings challenging a p…
25-20 Ali Esseily v. Kathy Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-07-07 Denied appellate-review constitutional-interpretation fourteenth-amendment government-misconduct landlord-fraud legal-procedure 1. Why the second circuit court of appeal misapprehended and misinterpreted the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution as "lacks an arguable basis…
24-1288 Monika Kapoor v. Vincent F. DeMarco, United States Marshal for the Eastern District of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-06-17 Denied convention-against-torture extradition habeas-corpus immigration-law judicial-review suspension-clause Whether Congress has stripped the federal courts of habeas jurisdiction over Convention Against Torture (CAT) claims by individuals facing extradition
24A1203 Linda McMahon, Secretary of Education, et al. v. New York, et al. First Circuit 2025-06-06 Presumed Complete administrative-law article-iii executive-power reduction-in-force separation-of-powers subject-matter-jurisdiction Whether the district court exceeded its Article III jurisdiction by enjoining the Executive Branch's internal workforce management decisions at the De…
24-1209 Daryll Boyd Jones v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-05-28 Denied attorney-discipline civil-rights due-process equal-protection ex-parte-young judicial-bias Whether the Court of Appeals erred in severance of retrospective damages claims from prospective injunctive claims under Ex parte Young and whether sy…
24A1108 Monika Kapoor v. Vincent F. DeMarco, United States Marshal for the Eastern District of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-05-16 Presumed Complete None Question not identified.
24A1081 Michael Kane, et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-05-08 Presumed Complete None Question not identified.
24-7130 Ken Smith v. Kathy Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-05-05 Denied circuit-precedent constitutional-standing judicial-review pre-challenge ripeness statutory-challenge Whether the Second Circuit's decisions conflict with prior circuit precedent concerning the ripeness of a pre-challenge to a statute, whether the Peti…
24-7106 Feifei Gu v. Leticia James, Attorney General of New York, et al. New York 2025-05-01 Denied attorney-general conspiracy criminal-prosecution judicial-misconduct legal-duty malfeasance Has Letitia James neglected her duty by refusing to intervene in a criminal prosecution and conspiring with the Kings County district attorney?
24A945 Rockland County, New York, et al. v. Metropolitan Transportation Authority, et al. Second Circuit 2025-04-03 Presumed Complete None
24-1015 John Doe, et al. v. Kathy Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-03-24 Pending civil-rights-act employment-discrimination religious-accommodation state-law-preemption supremacy-clause title-vii Whether compliance with state laws directly contrary to Title VII's requirement to provide a reasonable accommodation for religious beliefs may serve …
24A907 Ali Esseily v. Kathy Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-03-24 Presumed Complete None
24A857 Eon Thompson v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-03-06 Presumed Complete None
24A813 Towaki Komatsu v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-02-21 Presumed Complete None Question not identified.
24-844 Joseph Srour v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-02-07 Denied constitutional-challenge facial-unconstitutionality government-action judicial-review mootness vacatur Whether vacatur is proper where the government's voluntary conduct causes the case to become moot in the context of the review of a successful facial …
24-6314 David C. Lettieri v. City of Binghamton, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2025-01-15 Denied case-law constitutional-interpretation imminent-danger judicial-strike legal-standard procedural-review What constitutes an 'imminent danger' under legal standards, and how does Neitze v. Williams impact the interpretation of a 'strike' in judicial proce…
24A666 Donald J. Trump v. New York, et al. New York 2025-01-08 Presumed Complete criminal-prosecution executive-power presidential-immunity state-court transition-period trump-v-united-states Whether a sitting or president-elect enjoys absolute criminal immunity from state court prosecution during the transition period between election and …
24-642 Lamel Jeffery, et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-12-12 Denied constitutional-scrutiny curfew-restrictions due-process emergency-powers fundamental-rights judicial-notice Whether the constitutionality of a mass curfew can be determined at the pleading stage without record evidence based solely on a government emergency …
24A309 Patricia Weiss v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-10-01 Presumed Complete 42-usc-1983 civil-rights constitutional-challenge declaratory-decree judicial-abstention subject-matter-jurisdiction Whether the 1996 amendment to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 permits federal district courts to issue a declaratory decree against a state judge challenging the con…
24-289 Yolanda D. Tyson v. Town of Ramapo, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-09-12 Denied americans-with-disabilities-act comparator-analysis employment-discrimination mcdonnell-douglas-test prima-facie-case racial-discrimination May an employer dispute a plaintiff's prima facie case of racial discrimination by using a comparator status determination that violates the Americans…
24-252 Jason Doherty v. Patricia Bice, Individually and as Dean of Student Affairs for Purchase College, State University of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-09-06 Denied americans-with-disabilities-act civil-rights compensatory-damages disability-discrimination emotional-distress title-ii Whether Compensatory Damages Available Under Title II of the ADA include Compensation for Emotional Distress?
24A227 Treniss J. Evans v. Supreme Court of New York, et al. Fifth Circuit 2024-08-30 Presumed Complete campaign-finance constitutional-interpretation election-law federal-preemption prosecutorial-discretion supremacy-clause Whether a state prosecutor can bring a state-level prosecution that effectively creates a localized interpretation of federal election law in potentia…
24-5379 Stephen T. Mitchell v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-08-23 Denied constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process evidentiary-ruling habeas-corpus hearsay-exclusion Whether the exclusion of a habeas petitioner's proffered testimony on hearsay grounds violated the petitioner's federal constitutional rights to due p…
24-62 Yan Ping Xu v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-07-19 Denied administrative-law civil-procedure civil-rights due-process employment employment-law municipal-employment performance-evaluation state-law summary-discharge Whether a permanent employee who has served for less than five years in the noncompetitive class in the City of New York could be summarily discharged…
24-54 Palani Karupaiyan v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-07-17 Denied civil-procedure extraordinary-writs mandamus prohibition relief standing test-condition writ writ-of-certiorari writ-of-mandamus writ-of-prohibition Question not identified.
24A36 International Business Machines Corporation & Combined Affiliates v. Tax Appeals Tribunal of the State of New York, et al. New York 2024-07-12 Presumed Complete fifth-amendment just-compensation property-rights state-tax statutory-interpretation tax-tribunal Whether a state tax tribunal's interpretation of a state tax statute constitutes a taking of property without just compensation under the Fifth Amendm…
23-1220 Building and Realty Institute of Westchester and Putnam Counties, Inc., et al. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-05-17 Denied contract-clause due-process housing-stability investment-expectations market-value property-rights rent-control takings takings-clause tenant-protection Whether the changes made by the HSTPA effect physical takings, and as applied takings, and violate both the Due Process and Contract Clauses of the Co…
23-1148 G-Max Management, Inc., et al. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-04-23 Denied due-process land-use-regulation landlord-tenant penn-central penn-central-test physical-taking property-rights regulatory-taking regulatory-takings rent-regulation takings Whether New York's rent-regulation laws effect physical takings
23A870 Joseph Srour v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-03-29 Presumed Complete None Question not identified.
23-1058 Robert L. Schulz, et al. v. New York, et al. New York 2024-03-27 Denied buffalo-bills constitutional-limits erie-county municipal-expenditure new-york-state-constitution public-funds public-funds-private-use republican-form-of-government stadium-construction stadium-financing state-constitutional-law Whether defendant New York State officials violated Petitioners' federal Right to a republican form of government
23-1018 Harold Jean-Baptiste v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-03-18 Denied 2nd-amendment civil-procedure civil-rights conceal-carry due-process gun-rights law-enforcement licensing-restrictions second-amendment self-defense standing takings Whether New York State Section 400 restrictions on conceal carry handgun license violate the Second Amendment
23-995 Nadine Gazzola, et al. v. Kathleen Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-03-12 Denied 2nd-amendment bruen-precedent civil-procedure constitutional-standing due-process firearms-regulation free-speech preliminary-injunction regulatory-overburden second-amendment standing takings Did the Second Circuit err in the Winter analysis of Petitioners' request for preliminary injunctive relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 65, including (1.) w…
23-991 City of Long Beach, New York, et al. v. Ricky Joshua Benny Second Circuit 2024-03-11 Denied circuit-court civil-rights clearly-established-law due-process excessive-force law-enforcement police-conduct qualified-immunity Whether the Second Circuit departed from this Court's precedents
23A800 Towaki Komatsu v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-02-29 Presumed Complete court-proceedings due-process judicial-fairness judicial-integrity trial-publicity trial-rights Whether pretrial publicity can constitute grounds for a new trial when it potentially compromises the fundamental fairness of judicial proceedings
23A623 Yan Ping Xu v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2024-01-05 Presumed Complete certiorari legal-access pro-se senior-citizen supreme-court time-extension Whether a pro se senior citizen petitioner should be granted an extraordinary extension of time to file a Supreme Court petition for writ of certiorar…
23-700 Palani Karupaiyan v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-12-29 Dismissed administrative-law civil-procedure legal-procedure mandamus prohibition relief-request standing test-condition writ writ-of-prohibition Whether the petitioners have satisfied the requirements for the issuance of a writ of mandamus or prohibition
23-6093 George H. Finn v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-11-22 Denied civil-procedure constitutional-rights due-process federal-jurisdiction obstruction-of-court-orders obstruction-of-justice perjury standing state-actors can-a-motion-for-dismissal-be-granted-if-the-court-dismisses-the-amended-complaint
23-463 Elizabeth Brokamp v. Letitia James, Attorney General of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-11-02 Denied circuit-split content-based content-based-regulation evidence first-amendment intermediate-scrutiny licensing-scheme motion-to-dismiss talk-therapy Whether a New York law requiring speakers to obtain a license before offering talk therapy pertaining to 'disabilit[ies], problem[s], or disorder[s] o…
23-5783 Edward Francis Davis v. Power Authority of the State of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-10-13 Denied civil-rights due-process equal-protection evidence-handling in-forma-pauperis judicial-precedent procedural-fairness sanctions supervisory-power whether-petitioner-was-treated-unfairly-and-unequally
23A230 Nadine Gazzola, et al. v. Kathleen Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-09-11 Presumed Complete None Question not identified.
23-144 Anthony Marciano v. Eric Adams, Mayor of the City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-08-16 Denied civil-rights due-process emergency-use-authorization informed-consent municipal-vaccine-mandate quarantine quarantine-law state-law state-preemption vaccination Whether the Mayor of the City of New York, through his appointed police and health commissioners, acts without legislative authority by mandating muni…
23A109 Elizabeth Brokamp v. Letitia James, Attorney General of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-08-08 Presumed Complete None Question not identified.
23-5255 Robert L. Swinton, Jr. v. Livingston County, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-08-01 Denied 8th-amendment access-to-courts actual-injury civil-rights deliberate-indifference due-process medical-neglect monell-claim monell-policy prisoner-rights Is this the correct evaluation of the evidence for deliberate indifference and would the Monell policy standard be eroded by the evaluation of this ca…
22-1235 Brandon E. Ogbolu v. Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-06-23 Denied civil-rights constitutional-duty disability-discrimination due-process emotional-distress felony-conduct pro-se public-interest standing sua-sponte Whether lower courts have a constitutional duty to sua sponte assess all unlawful conduct and harm to the public interest
22-1170 335-7 LLC, et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-06-02 Denied civil-rights due-process economic-value just-compensation landlord-tenant property-rights regulatory-taking rent-control takings takings-clause Does the New York Rent Stabilization Law effect a per se physical taking, a confiscatory taking, or a regulatory taking?
22-1130 74 Pinehurst LLC, et al. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-05-19 Denied civil-rights due-process landlord-tenant lease-renewal physical-taking property-rights regulatory-taking rent-control rent-stabilization takings tenant-protection Whether a law that prohibits owners from terminating a tenancy at the end of a fixed lease term, except on grounds outside the owner's control, consti…
22-1095 Community Housing Improvement Program, et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-05-10 Denied affordable-housing civil-rights due-process government-regulation housing-law physical-taking property-rights regulatory-taking rent-control takings Whether the provisions of the New York Rent Stabilization Law that prevent a property owner from regaining exclusive possession and control of her pro…
22A955 74 Pinehurst, LLC, et al. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-05-02 Presumed Complete None
22A938 Krystalo Hetelekides, Individually and as Executrix of the Estate of Demetrios Hetelekides, aka Jimmy Hetelekides v. County of Ontario, New York, et al. New York 2023-04-26 Presumed Complete None
22A921 Women of Color For Equal Justice, et al. Applicants v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-04-21 Presumed Complete None
22-7325 Noel Brown v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-04-19 Denied abuse-of-discretion appellate-procedure civil-procedure civil-rights collateral-review court-review federal-rules-of-appellate-procedure in-forma-pauperis judicial-discretion prisoner-appeal standing Did the denial of appellant's motion for in forma pauperis violate Rule 24(A)(5) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure?
22-893 Libertarian Party of New York, et al. v. New York State Board of Elections, et al. Second Circuit 2023-03-16 Denied anderson-burdick-test ballot-access election-law equal-protection first-amendment minor-parties political-parties signature-requirements Did the courts below properly apply the Anderson-Burdick standard?
22-840 K. M., Individually and on Behalf of M. M. and S. M., et al. v. Eric L. Adams, Mayor of the City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-03-03 Denied administrative-exhaustion administrative-remedies affirmative-defense claim-processing-rule disability-education idea-statute individuals-with-disabilities-education-act judicial-challenge jurisdiction jurisdictional-requirement waiver Whether IDEA exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional or a claim-processing rule
22M77 Toni Marie Davis v. Eric L. Adams, Mayor of the City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-02-15 Presumed Complete None
22-6605 Towaki Komatsu v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-01-23 Denied 14th-amendment 4th-amendment civil-rights constitutional-rights court-security due-process judicial-misconduct malicious-prosecution retaliation Whether the petitioner's constitutional rights were violated by an illegal stop, assault, seizure, and arrest by NYPD personnel, malicious prosecution…
22A651 Laurence G. Allen, et al. v. New York, by Letitia James, Attorney General of New York, et al. New York 2023-01-20 Presumed Complete None
22-622 Nadine Gazzola, et al. v. Kathleen Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-01-09 Denied 2nd-amendment civil-rights constitutional-rights dealer firearms firearms-regulation government-overreach licensing-scheme natural-resources-defense-council second-amendment standing winter-standard Is there a likelihood of success on the merits under Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council that the meaning and purpose of 'to keep,' as in 'to …
22A591 Nadine Gazzola, et al. v. Kathleen Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2023-01-03 Presumed Complete None
22-539 Juliet Anilao, et al. v. Thomas J. Spota, III, Individually and as District Attorney of Suffolk County, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-12-13 Denied 1983 civil-rights constitutional-violation first-amendment prosecutorial-immunity section-1983 state-action thirteenth-amendment Whether a prosecutor can be sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for bringing charges that violate the First and Thirteenth Amendments
22A479 Camillo M. Santomero, et al. v. Town of Bedford, New York, et al. New York 2022-11-30 Presumed Complete None
22A464 K.M., et al. v. Eric Adams, Mayor of the City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-11-29 Presumed Complete None
22-6070 Charles Rochester v. City of New York, New York, et al. New York 2022-11-16 Denied aba-rules attorney-misconduct conflict-of-interest constitutional-rights disqualification due-process judicial-misconduct legal-ethics pro-se pro-se-litigation Can the New York Supreme State Judge and the Opposing Attorney's join FORCER, to defeat pro-se, by being silent, on each one's Official Misconduct, in…
22A389 New Yorkers for Religious Liberty, Inc., et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-11-04 Presumed Complete None
22A342 Towaki Komatsu v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-10-25 Presumed Complete None
22-343 Lynn S. King v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-10-12 Denied divorce-proceedings domestic-relations domestic-relations-law first-amendment free-exercise religious-covenant religious-wedding sacred-covenant standing Whether New York Domestic Relations Law 170(7) violates the Free Exercise of religion clause
22-5681 Towaki Komatsu v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-09-26 Denied civil-procedure civil-rights due-process equitable-estoppel first-amendment fourteenth-amendment free-speech judicial-bias judicial-misconduct procedural-infirmity standing Whether the Second Circuit and U.S. District Judge Lorna Schofield prejudicially and biasedly ignored key facts, violating the petitioner's First and …
22-5632 Albert Coppedge v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-09-21 Denied 13th-amendment 14th-amendment adoption-law birth-certificate citizenship-status civil-procedure civil-rights due-process identity-documentation international-adoption legal-impediment standing What Branch of Law Purported the States to Apply Abolished Slave Labels (Negro, Black, and Colored) to Any Human of African Descent After 1865?
22A229 Juliet Anilao, et al. v. Thomas J. Spota, III, Individually and as District Attorney of Suffolk County, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-09-15 Presumed Complete None
22-241 Marie Farrell, et al. v. Kathleen Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-09-14 Denied civil-rights disabilities-education due-process executive-agency executive-power idea individuals-with-disabilities-education-act injunction-standard pendency-provision public-interest school-mask-mandate state-executive-power Whether the State Executive's promulgation of a statewide school mask mandate that conflicts with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDE…
22A178 Anthony Marciano v. Eric Adams, Mayor of the City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-08-25 Presumed Complete None
22-74 Allen Patterson v. City of New York, New York, et al. New York 2022-07-27 Denied administrative-law civil-service civil-service-commission government-agency misconduct ny-statute resignation termination voluntary-resignation Is it legal for a government agency to convert an accepted voluntary resignation into a termination for misconduct?
22A70 Towaki Komatsu v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-07-25 Presumed Complete None
21-1522 Wayne Torcivia v. Suffolk County, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-06-03 Denied civil-rights constitutional-rights fourth-amendment home-entry qualified-immunity special-needs-exception state-actors warrant-requirement Whether a 'special-needs exception' allows warrantless entry into a home
21-7968 Thurman Jerome Brown v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-05-24 Dismissed 13th-amendment binding-precedent civil-procedure civil-rights due-process extrajudicial-proceedings judicial-discretion personal-jurisdiction standing subject-matter-jurisdiction void-judgment What is the full legal effect of the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to grant certiorari?
21-1391 Robert Kelly, Jr. v. City of Mount Vernon, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-04-29 Denied civil-procedure civil-rights court-ruling due-process judicial-duty legal-information oral-decision oral-rulings pro-se pro-se-litigant procedural-rights standing To what extent do courts have an affirmative duty to fully inform pro se litigants of courtroom decisions and rulings issued orally from the court, an…
21-1388 Best Payphones, Inc. v. Public Service Commission of New York, et al. New York 2022-04-27 Denied federal-communications-commission federal-preemption payphone-service payphone-services preemption public-service-commission state-regulation state-requirements tariff-compliance telecommunications-act telecommunications-act-1996 Is the finding of the Public Service Commission of the State of New York, which was affirmed by the Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, Thi…
21-7452 Anthony Atkinson v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-03-24 Denied civil-confinement criminal-intent criminal-responsibility mental-abnormality mental-hygiene-law psychiatric-evaluation volitional-impairment whether-the-state-of-new-york-should-be-required-to-produce-sufficient-medical-proof
21A521 Wayne Torcivia v. Suffolk County, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-03-21 Presumed Complete None
21-1216 Yan Ping Xu v. Suffolk County, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-03-08 Denied 4th-amendment civil-rights due-process fourth-amendment frivolous frivolous-claim privacy-invasion rooker-feldman rooker-feldman-doctrine standing state-court-order warrantless-seizure Whether the appeal has been properly dismissed because it 'lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact' Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1…
21-7304 Wilfredo Torres v. New York City Police Department, et al. Second Circuit 2022-03-08 Dismissed civil-procedure civil-rights due-process judicial-ethics judicial-misconduct presidential-power standing torture-allegations warrantless-search warrantless-surveillance Whether United States Judge Ronnie Abrams and United States Magistrate-Judge Kevin Nathaniel Fox violated rules of ethics and my right to due process …
21-1143 Dr. A., et al. v. Kathy Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-02-16 Denied administrative-rule covid-19 covid-vaccine-mandate employment-division-v-smith free-exercise free-exercise-clause medical-exemption religious-exemption secular-conduct vaccine-mandate Whether a COVID vaccine mandate that provides no religious exemption while allowing medical exemptions violates the Free Exercise Clause
21A398 Matthew Keil, et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-02-08 Presumed Complete None
21A389 Best Payphones, Inc. v. Public Service Commission of New York, et al. New York 2022-02-02 Presumed Complete None
21-1003 F. F., as Parent of Y. F., et al. v. New York, et al. New York 2022-01-14 Denied constitutional-rights first-amendment free-exercise free-exercise-clause narrow-tailoring religious-bias religious-exemption school-vaccination strict-scrutiny vaccination-requirement Does New York's religious exemption repeal violate the First Amendment's Free Exercise clause
21-966 New York, et al. v. Janet L. Yellen, Secretary of the Treasury, et al. Second Circuit 2022-01-06 Denied 10th-amendment 16th-amendment article-1-section-8 constitutional-limits federal-taxation federalism-principles legislative-power sovereign-authority state-sovereignty state-taxes tax-deduction tax-policy Whether Congress's imposition of a $10,000 cap on the SALT deduction violates Article I, Section 8 and the Tenth and Sixteenth Amendments of the Unite…
21-963 Neil McNaughton v. Eric Adams, Mayor of the City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2022-01-04 Denied civil-rights due-process erickson-precedent federal-courts federal-procedure judicial-accountability judicial-reasoning pleadings pro-se-pleading standing twombly twombly-plausibility Does the persistent misapplication of the Twombly plausibility test by Federal judges invariably lead to a violation of this Court's mandate in Ericks…
21A285 New York, et al. v. Janet Yellen, Secretary of the Treasury, et al. Second Circuit 2021-12-29 Presumed Complete None
21-6608 Wilfredo Torres v. United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Second Circuit 2021-12-14 Dismissed civil-procedure civil-rights cointelpro domestic-assassinations domestic-surveillance due-process ethics judicial-ethics judicial-misconduct standing Whether U.S. Judge Edgardo Ramos and U.S. Magistrate-Judge Katharine Parker violated rules of ethics and my right to due process of law
21-6508 Daniel Jones v. Kathy Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-12-08 Denied appellate-procedure appointment-of-counsel circuit-court-jurisdiction circuit-court-split civil-rights due-process in-forma-pauperis judicial-discretion motion-for-counsel pro-se-litigant standing statutory-interpretation Whether the Second Circuit Court of Appeals erred in dismissing the appeal pursuant to 25 U.S.C.§ 1915(e) based solely on the denial of the motion for…
21A194 Daniel Jones v. Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-12-01 Presumed Complete None
21A145 Dr. A., et al. v. Kathy Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-11-12 Presumed Complete None
21A125 We The Patriots USA, Inc., et al. v. Kathy Hochul, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-11-02 Presumed Complete None
21-514 Robert Bello v. Rockland County, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-10-06 Denied civil-rights due-process firearm-surrender fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment handgun-ownership mental-health property-rights Whether the Fourth Amendment is implicated where law enforcement refuses to release firearms surrendered for mental health reasons to a nonprohibited …
21-407 James P. Mhina v. Beth Van Doren, Assistant District Attorney of Onondaga County, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-09-15 Denied civil-action collateral-estoppel criminal-action due-process issue-preclusion res-judicata Whether the doctrine of collateral estoppel bars a criminal defendant from relitigating issues that were previously decided against him in a civil act…
21-272 Ralph Abekassis v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-08-25 Denied 2nd-amendment appellate-review civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process firearm-regulations judicial-review mootness second-amendment standing Whether the Second Circuit erred in dismissing this case as moot where New York City's actions were designed to evade appellate review
20-8423 Wilfredo Torres v. New York Legal Assistance Group, et al. Second Circuit 2021-06-28 Denied civil-rights court-corruption due-process extrajudicial-activities judicial-ethics judicial-misconduct law-clinic pro-se-litigation recusal standing Whether Southern District of New York federal Judge Ronnie Abrams erred in starting a law clinic as an extrajudicial tool to help dismiss politically …
20-1788 City of New York, New York, et al. v. Jarrett Frost Second Circuit 2021-06-23 Denied civil-procedure civil-rights due-process evidence-fabrication fourth-amendment pretrial-detention probable-cause section-1983 Whether a § 1983 plaintiff may pursue a due process-based claim challenging a pretrial detention supported by probable cause, independent of the dispu…
20-1611 Healthcare Distribution Alliance, et al. v. Letitia James, Attorney General of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-05-19 Denied circuit-split federal-courts fees-vs-taxes opioid-stewardship-act public-benefit regulatory-fee state-law state-tax tax-injunction-act Whether the New York Opioid Stewardship Act's surcharge is a 'tax' within the meaning of the Tax Injunction Act
20-7869 Wilfredo Torres v. The Blackstone Group Second Circuit 2021-04-28 Denied bias case-dismissal civil-procedure civil-rights conflict-of-interest due-process judicial-bias judicial-misconduct legal-mail standing whether-a-federal-judge-violated-due-process
20-7819 Theresa A. Logan v. Town of Windsor, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-04-22 Denied civil-procedure civil-rights due-process false-testimony perjury standing Whether the defendants, Robert Briggs, Gregg Story, and their attorneys, are allowed to perjure themselves in courts without being held responsible
20-1151 Libertarian Party of Erie County, et al. v. Andrew M. Cuomo, Individually and as Governor of the State of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-02-23 Denied 2nd-amendment civil-rights due-process heller licensing-discretion may-issue-law mcdonald pistol-permit second-amendment self-defense standing Should the State of New York's pistol permit process violate the Second Amendment?
20-1105 Anthony Futia, Jr., et al. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-02-12 Denied civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-law due-process guarantee-clause justiciability legal-standing petition-for-redress standing state-constitution Is Petitioners' Guarantee Clause claim justiciable?
20A135 Jane Doe, et al. v. Howard Zucker, Commissioner of Health for the State of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2021-01-25 Presumed Complete None
20-847 Billie Renee Frances Lillian Powers v. The Bank of New York Mellon, fka Bank of New York, et al. Ninth Circuit 2020-12-23 Denied appellate-procedure civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process equal-protection judicial-fairness ninth-circuit pro-se pro-se-litigation summary-affirmance supervisory-authority Whether the pro se petitioner was denied due process and equal protection by the circuit court's treatment of informal briefs
20-795 New York, et al. v. Department of Justice, et al. Second Circuit 2020-12-10 Dismissed administrative-law byrne-jag-program civil-rights federal-funding federal-grants grant-conditions immigration immigration-enforcement spending-clause statutory-interpretation tenth-amendment Did Congress authorize DOJ to condition Byrne-JAG-funding on acceptance of DOJ's three new requirements?
20-739 Isaac Levin v. Kenneth J. Frank, Individually and as Corporation Counsel for the City of Binghamton, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-11-27 Denied abandonment conflict-of-law grandfathered-rights municipal-ordinances property-rights zoning Whether the application of abandonment to a grandfathered property and the applicability of municipal zoning ordinances to such property are properly …
20A63 Donald J. Trump v. Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., in His Official Capacity as District Attorney of the County of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-10-13 Presumed Complete None
20-449 Department of Homeland Security, et al. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-10-08 Granted administrative-law administrative-procedure agency-rulemaking homeland-security immigration-law immigration-nationality-act judicial-review notice-and-comment public-charge standing Whether entities that are not subject to the public-charge ground of inadmissibility are proper parties to challenge the final rule
20-388 Lingfei Sun v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-09-25 Denied civil-procedure civil-rights claim-preclusion collateral-estoppel continuing-violation-doctrine district-court due-process res-judicata standing Whether the continuing violation doctrine applies to the Petitioner's current U.S. district court suit
20-366 Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al., Appellants v. New York, et al. New York 2020-09-22 Denied None
20-290 Charles Meyers, et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-09-04 Denied assembly civil-rights constitutional-review due-process fair-notice first-amendment fourteenth-amendment government-permission How individualized must government permission be to raise fair notice protection under the due process component of the Fourteenth Amendment?
20-149 Cheryl D. Uzamere v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-08-13 Denied antitrust civil-rights court-corruption due-process first-amendment fourteenth-amendment free-speech genocide hobbs-act new-york-state-law Whether New York State Law S2942—A is unconstitutional
20-5140 Wilfredo Torres v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-07-22 Denied appellate-review civil-procedure civil-rights district-court due-process judicial-procedure petition-for-certiorari qualified-immunity standing warrantless-raids warrantless-search Whether the U.S. District Court-Southern District of New York and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit erred in dismissing the petitioner'…
20-14 Congregation Rabbinical College of Tartikov, Inc., et al. v. Village of Pomona, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-07-10 Denied article-iii article-iii-standing fair-housing-act free-exercise institutionalized-persons-act municipal-law property-rights religious-exercise religious-land-use rluipa standing zoning-law Whether an owner of real property has Article III standing to challenge a municipality's zoning law that prohibits the owner's proposed religious land…
20-2 Hector L. Valentin v. City of Rochester, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-07-09 Denied brady-rule civil-rights conflict-of-interest constitutional-bias due-process judicial-conflict judicial-ethics pro-se-litigation suppression-of-evidence Should the Brady Rule apply to a presiding Federal Judge who suppresses exculpatory and damaging material from a Pro Se litigant's civil rights lawsui…
19-1319 David R. Morabito, et ux. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-05-28 Denied civil-procedure constitutional-law due-process due-process-14th-amendment eleventh-amendment hydraulic-fracturing interstate-commerce rosemary-knick rosemary-knick-v-township-of-scott standing takings takings-clause takings-clause-5th-amendment Whether the New York State Law, adopted on or about April 3, 2020, permanently banning high volume hydraulic fracturing in the State of New York is an…
19-1306 United Parcel Service, Inc. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-05-20 Denied aggregation-threshold carrier-liability cigarette-trafficking circuit-split common-carrier-liability contraband-cigarette-trafficking-act exemption-compliance national-importance possession statutory-construction statutory-exemption statutory-interpretation tobacco-regulation Whether multiple shipments from different shippers may be aggregated to satisfy the 10,000-cigarette threshold
19A901 United Parcel Service, Inc. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-02-13 Presumed Complete None
19-892 United States, ex rel. Andrew Gelbman v. City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-01-17 Denied false-claims-act fraud inference-drawing medicaid medicaid-fraud pleading-standard private-sector public-sector public-sector-providers rule-9b-dismissal Whether the pleading standard should be different for False Claims Act claims against public sector Medicaid providers than it is for such claims agai…
19A790 Wayne Roberts v. New York City, New York, et al. New York 2020-01-14 Presumed Complete None
19A785 Department of Homeland Security, et al. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2020-01-13 Presumed Complete None
19-7110 Robert W. Johnson v. Colleen McMahon, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-12-30 Denied bribery civil-procedure civil-rights due-process insurance-fraud standing Question not identified
19-811 Christine Almas Rose, Individually and as Mother of Jessie Lee Rose, et al. v. City of Utica, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-12-27 Denied 2nd-amendment civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process excessive-force free-speech mental-health-intervention police-procedure qualified-immunity use-of-force Did the Second Circuit commit legal error when it granted qualified immunity to the police officer
19-6974 Wilfredo Torres v. Bellevue South Associates LLP, et al. Second Circuit 2019-12-17 Denied conflict-of-interest due-process federal-judiciary judicial-conflicts-of-interest judicial-ethics judicial-impartiality judicial-independence judicial-misconduct judicial-oversight judicial-recusal statutory-interpretation Whether 18 U.S.C. Section 455(a) is unconstitutionally vague, ambiguous, arbitrary, capricious, and violates due process of law
19-6839 Patrick R. Smith v. Barbara D. Underwood, Attorney General of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-12-04 Denied civil-rights constitutional-law due-process equal-protection jury-selection racial-discrimination standing Whether the lower courts erred in upholding the racial discrimination in jury selection in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment
19-635 Donald J. Trump v. Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., in His Official Capacity as District Attorney of the County of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-11-18 Judgment Issued article-2 article-ii article-two constitutional-law criminal-investigation executive-power grand-jury-subpoena immunity president presidential-immunity separation-of-powers subpoena supremacy-clause Whether this subpoena violates Article II and the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution
19-615 Elaine Ward v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-11-13 Denied 42-usc-1983 constitutional-rights due-process equal-protection municipal-liability service-of-process state-court-proceedings transparency Is there a violation of due process and equal protection under the 5th and 14th amendments as related to 42 U.S.C. 1983, when a municipality fails to …
19-437 John Paterno v. City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-10-02 Denied 14th-amendment causation causative-nexus civil-procedure civil-rights due-process legal-entitlements pleadings procedural-claim standing stigma-plus temporal-proximity Whether the Second Circuit erred in applying a temporal proximity test to dismiss a procedural Due Process claim
19A349 Richard Natofsky v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-09-27 Presumed Complete None
19-326 Melinda Mitchell, et al. v. City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-09-10 Denied civil-rights fourth-amendment malice material-facts objective-reasonableness perjury police-misconduct qualified-immunity trespass wrongful-seizure Did the Second Circuit err in applying District of Columbia v. Wesby to grant qualified immunity to the police defendants who arrested the plaintiff p…
19-5156 Theresa A. Logan v. Town of Windsor, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-07-11 Denied 1st-amendment civil-rights conclusion constitutional-provisions content-discrimination free-speech jurisdiction public-forum reasons-for-granting statement-of-case statutory-provisions viewpoint-discrimination Whether the First Amendment protects the right of a public access television channel to exclude a speaker based on the content of their speech
19A26 Melinda Mitchell, et al. v. City of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-07-02 Presumed Complete None
18-1555 Scott A. Boyler v. City of Lackawanna, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-06-20 Denied aggravated-harassment constitutional-rights first-amendment free-speech free-speech,civil-rights,retaliation,qualified-imm malicious-prosecution qualified-immunity retaliation social-media summary-judgment Whether retaliation chilled free speech under an objective or subjective test
18-1428 Gatehouse Media New York Holdings, Inc., et al. v. New York, et al. New York 2019-05-15 Denied criminal-procedure first-amendment press press-access press-rights public public-access public-right standing voir-dire Whether the failure of state criminal procedural rules to authorize standing for the press to assert the public's First Amendment right of access to v…
18-1429 Stahl York Ave. Co., LLC v. City of New York, New York, et al. New York 2019-05-14 Denied administrative-agency administrative-law due-process fact-findings fifth-amendment independent-judicial-fact-finding independent-judicial-factfinding judicial-review just-compensation property-rights takings-clause Whether a property owner suing an administrative agency for violating the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment is entitled to develop the facts suppo…
18-1365 Mogul Media, Inc., et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-04-30 Denied commercial-speech content-based-restriction content-based-restrictions equal-protection first-amendment free-speech government-speech municipal-government public-forum public-property zoning-resolution Does the First Amendment prohibit the City of New York from preferring the commercial speech of its tenants over private landowners' commercial and no…
18-1212 Anthony Pappas v. Joseph Lorintz, Individually and in His Official Capacity as Supreme Court Judge of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-03-18 Denied campaign-funds civil-procedure civil-rights divorce-court divorce-court-seizure due-process federal-campaign-finance federal-election federal-election-law free-speech judicial-error prior-restraint standing writ-of-mandamus Did the Second Circuit Court of Appeals commit reversible error when it denied a Writ of Mandamus sought by Petitioner as a candidate for Congress to …
18-8045 Dontie S. Mitchell v. Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-02-21 Denied None
18A842 Stahl York Ave. Co., LLC v. City of New York, New York, et al. New York 2019-02-19 Presumed Complete None
18-966 Department of Commerce, et al. v. New York, et al. Second Circuit 2019-01-25 Denied administrative-procedure-act administrative-procedure-act-apa agency-decision agency-decision-making census discovery executive-branch standing Whether the district court erred in enjoining the Secretary of Commerce from reinstating a question about citizenship to the 2020 decennial census
18-7058 Jose Joaquin Ramirez v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-12-17 Denied 8th-amendment bail-denial civil-rights constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process felony flight-risk mental-health pretrial-detention Whether the denial of bail for over 15 months on an individual who has no documented history of felony, prior acts of violence, and no history of flig…
18-765 James H. Brady v. New York, et al. New York 2018-12-17 Denied civil-procedure civil-rights discretionary-action due-process fifth-amendment fourteenth-amendment immunity legal-fees obstruction-of-justice property-rights prosecutorial-immunity prosecutorial-misconduct quid-pro-quo sanctions standing takings Did the Appellate Division, First Department err in finding Respondents immune pursuant to Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 (1976)?
18-710 Caner Demirayak v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-12-03 Denied accessibility alternate-accommodations americans-with-disabilities-act americans-with-disabilities-act-title-ii circuit-split due-process effective-accommodations fact-finding meaningful-access preliminary-injunction public-entity rule-52(a) supervisory-power tennessee-v-lane title-ii Whether a public entity may avoid liability under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act by providing alternate accessible accommodations wit…
18-647 Pulte Homes of New York LLC v. Town of Carmel, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-11-19 Denied 42-usc-1983 civil-rights continuing-violation land-development-fees municipal-government municipal-liability section-1983 statute-of-limitations Whether a civil rights claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 accrues by a continuing violation theory
18A484 Tobin Segrist, et al. v. The Bank of New York Mellon, fka The Bank of New York, et al. Sixth Circuit 2018-11-05 Presumed Complete None
18-557 Department of Commerce, et al. v. United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-10-29 Denied administrative-procedure-act agency-action agency-decisionmaker agency-officials discovery executive-branch executive-discretion judicial-review mandamus mental-processes standing Whether a district court may order discovery outside the administrative record to probe the mental processes of an agency decisionmaker when there is …
18-423 Christopher Barrella v. Village of Freeport, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-10-03 Denied circuit-split civil-procedure civil-rights damages due-process federal-rules-of-civil-procedure golden-rule-argument jury-instructions liability liability-determination new-trial standing Whether a lawyer's invitation to the jury to imagine themselves in the shoes of an interested party in determining either liability or damages is impr…
18A286 Pulte Homes of New York LLC v. Town of Carmel, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-09-18 Presumed Complete None
18-5925 Dean Loren v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-09-12 Denied appeal-filing civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-procedure due-process federal-appellate-procedure federal-rules-of-appellate-procedure judicial-misconduct public-forum standing state-actor Whether the lower Appellate Court departed from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings in failing to file an appeal under FRAP Rule 4, …
18-297 Eric White, et al. v. Barbara D. Underwood, Attorney General of New York, et al. New York 2018-09-07 Denied canons-of-construction federal-indian-law indian-law indian-rights indian-treaty-rights native-american-rights new-york-indians seneca-nation sovereign-immunity state-taxation statutory-interpretation supreme-court-precedent tax-assessment treaty-interpretation tribal-sovereignty Does New York's assessment and collection of taxes within the Seneca Nation of Indians violate the treaty rights of the Seneca Nation?
18-280 New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc., et al. v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-09-06 Judgment Issued 2nd-amendment commerce-clause constitutional-rights handgun handgun-transport handgun-transportation licensed-firearms public-safety right-to-travel second-amendment transport Whether the City's ban on transporting a licensed, locked, and unloaded handgun to a home or shooting range outside city limits is consistent with the…
18-5365 Carmencita Bruno v. City of Schenectady, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-07-26 Denied 4th-amendment civil-rights companion-animal-rights companion-animals due-process emergency-aid fire-investigation fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment property-rights search-and-seizure Whether firefighters and police can unreasonably withhold sustenance and emergency aid to companion dogs after a fire was extinguished, to conduct an …
18-69 Yan Ping Xu v. City of New York, New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-07-12 Denied civil-rights due-process employee-retaliation equal-protection federal-defendants federal-jurisdiction legal-remedy municipal-authority municipal-liability retaliation Whether no remedy for the former municipal employee injured directly from her supervisors, federal defendants clothed with municipal authority power, …
18-29 Shailendra Bhawnani, et al. v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, et al. Second Circuit 2018-07-05 Denied criminal-procedure criminal-restitution fraud judicial-discretion legal-scope mandatory-victims-restitution-act restitution statutory-interpretation victim-compensation victim-definition Whether the definition of 'victim' under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act, 18 U.S.C. 3663A(a)(2), includes all victims directly and proximately h…